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Tuesday, August 5, 2008
Monday, August 4, 2008
Class X Mathematics Projects
General Instructions:
- The project should be hand written
- Credit will be given to original and creative use of material/pictures/drawings/methods of illustrating
- The project must be presented in a neatly bound simple folder.
Any one of the following projects may be chosen
Project Assignment
Think of a question that asks about a cause and effect relationship between two measurable quantities. (eg.. does fingernail length affect typing speed?)
1. Write two different "how does _____ affect _____" questions.
2. Select the question that makes the most sense to you and explain why you have chosen it.
3. Write a hypothesis to answer your question.
4. Graph your data using appropriate choices of scales and axis.
5. In pencil, draw your "best" line.
6. Find the equation of your line.
Respond to the following questions
7. What do the variables in your equation represent? What does the equation represent?
8. Was your data positively correlated, negatively correlated or neither? Give possible explanations for the relationships or absence of relationships that you see in the data.
9. Use your equation to predict two data points not represented by the data. How good do you think these estimates are? why?
10. What information does the slope indicate?
Present your findings in a 3-4 pages handwritten report. Graph must be included.
B) Integer trains
You can use rods of integer sizes to build "trains" that all share a common length. A "train of length 5" is a row of rods whose combined length is 5. Here are some examples:
Notice that the
? How many trains of length 5 are there?
? Repeat for length 6
? Repeat for length 7
? Come up with a formula for the number of trains of length n. (Assume you have rods of every possible integer length available.) Prove that your formula is correct.
? Come up with an algorithm that will generate all the trains of length n.
? Create trains of lengths 6,7. Record any findings, conclusions in 3-4 pages of handwritten work.
C)????? Area of an Arbelos
Objective
Objective: Prove that the area of the arbelos (white shaded region) is equal to the area of circle CD.
What is an arbelos? The arbelos is the white region in the figure, bounded by three semicircles. The diameters of the three semicircles are all on the same line segment, AB, and each semicircle is tangent to the other two. The arbelos has been studied by mathematicians since ancient times, and was named, apparently, for its resemblance to the shape of a round knife (called an arbelos) used by leatherworkers in ancient times.
An interesting property of the arbelos is that its area is equal to the area of the circle with diameter CD. CD is along the line tangent to semicircles AC and BC (CD is thus perpendicular to AB). C is the point of tangency, and D is the point of intersection with semicircle AB. Can you prove that the area of circle CD equals the area of the arbelos?
To do this project, you should do research that enables you to use the following terms and concepts:
- right triangles,
- circumscribing a circle about a triangle,
- similar triangles,
- area of a circle,
- Tangents are perpendicular to radii at the point of contact.
Materials and Equipment
For the proof,? you'll need :
- pencil,
- paper,
- compass, and
- straight edge.
Experimental Procedure
- Do your background research,
- Organize your known facts, and
- Spend some time thinking about the problem and you should be able to come up with the proof.
- Present your findings in a 3-4 pages handwritten report.
D)???? The Birthday paradox
Objective
The objective of this project is to prove whether or not the birthday paradox holds true by looking at random groups of 23 or more people.
Introduction
The Birthday Paradox states that in a random gathering of 23 people, there is a 50% chance that two people will have the same birthday. Is this really true?
Experimental Procedure
1) First you will need to collect birth dates for random groups of 23 or more people. Ideally you would like to get 10-12 groups of 23 or more people so you have enough different groups to compare. Here are a couple of ways that you can find a number of randomly grouped people.
- You could use birthday lists from your own school for different classes.
Take the class lists of about 12 sections. Pass these around each of these classes and collect the birth date data
- Use the birth dates of players on major teams. (Note: this information can easily be found on the internet).
2) Next you will need to sort through all the birth dates you have collected and see if the Birthday Paradox holds true for the random groups of people you collected. How many of your groups have two or more people with the same birthday? Based on the birthday paradox, how many groups would you expect to find that have two people with the same birthday?
3) Tabulate/Organize your data and findings in a 3-4 pages? handwritten report
E) ??????? Perimeters of Semi Circles
Objective
The objective of this project is to prove that the sum of the perimeters of the inscribed semicircles is equal to the perimeter of the outside semicircle.
Introduction
The figure below shows a semicircle (AE) with a series of smaller semicircles (AB, BC, CD, DE,) constructed inside it. As you can see, the sum of the diameters of the four smaller semicircles is equal to the diameter of the large semicircle. The area of the larger semicircle is clearly greater than the sum of the four smaller semicircles. What about the perimeter?
Your goal is to prove that the sum of the perimeters of the inscribed semicircles is equal to the perimeter of the outside semicircle.
Materials and Equipment
- For the proof, you'll need :
- pencil,
- paper,
- compass, and
- straight edge.
- Here's a suggestion for your display: in addition to your background research and your proof, you can make a model of? the Figure? with colored paper. Use a compass and straightedge to construct the semicircles. Cut pieces of string or yarn equal to the arc-lengths of the semicircles. You can use these to demonstrate that the perimeter lengths are indeed equal. Repeat for 3 different measurements of semi circles.
Experimental Procedure
- Do your background research,
- Organize your known facts,
- Perform the experiments for 3 different semi circles
- Tabulate your findings
- Mathematically prove the result
- Present your work in 3-4 handwritten pages.
Class X Social Science projects List !
LIST OF SUGGESTED PROJECTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE FOR CLASS X 2008-2009
(ANY ONE PROJECT)
UNIT 1 : INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD II
1. Nationalism in Europe and India
Compare the policies and methods used by Otto von Bismarck and Sardar Vallabhai Patel in unification of Germany and integration of States of India respectively. The report should include :-
? Condition of Germany before 1871 (unification)
? Condition of India immediately after 1947
? Why the need for unification in both the places
? Emergence of Bismarck and Sardar Patel, their brief life history
? Their role in unification and integration.
? Similarities and differences between the methods adopted by the two leaders
? How did the unification affect the growth of the respective countries.
You may refer to the following websites:
http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_B...
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/73.ht...
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/73.ht...
http://www1.bartleby.com/65/bi/BismarckO...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_i... India
Books : Any European History book on 19th century and Integration of States by V.P. Menon
2. Evolution and significance of the symbols associated with India?s freedom movement
? Need for symbols in general and during Freedom struggle
? Evolution of the symbols over a period of time. (Any two symbols out of the flag, a song, an object like the Charkha, a khadi, a novel, a place a newspaper like Harijan etc. may be selected).
? The impact of symbols on common people during the course of the freedom movement ? how and in what occasions were they used
? How did they help in the making of the Indian nation-did they give a sense of identity?
? What do these symbols mean to you today?
? Design a symbol for 21st century reflecting its nationhood-Explain the symbol
You may refer to the following websites :
Flag:
http://www.geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa... 16/flag1.htm
http://brilliantgnorance.blogspot.com/20...
Sabarmati Ashram:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_A...
http://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/saba...
http://www.indcast.com/ms/ASHRAM%20HISTO...
Khadi:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi
http://www.kvic.org.in/v4/khadi.asp
3. Growth of a city ? Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries
? Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards
? Reasons for its growth and importance
? New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices
? Change in population pattern
? Maps pertaining to this period
? Some imporant monuments and the new architecture in the cities
? The city today and its importance
Colonial architecture websites:
http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art...
http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/indi...
4. Series of inventions/ discoveries during the Industrial revolution in England (Any two)
? The need for the inventions in 18th & 19th century in England
? The inventors and their story
? Technique/science behind the inventions
? Opposition/reaction of the society
? Evolution of the invention till Modern Times
? Do we use any of these today? How and where?
? Which, according to you was the most important of all inventions? Why?
You may refer to the following websites:
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biogra...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_...
http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/Indust...
Refer to any books of British history of 18th and 19th centuries
5. Recreating the history of a period through a book.
Suggested books for reading :-
? Exodus by Leon Iris for formation of Israel
? Armaggden by Leon Uris for the aftermath of a war
? All quiet on the western front for First World war
? Oliver Twist, David Copper Field by Charles Dickens for society during Industrial Revolution
? Good Earth by Pearl S Buck;
? Roots by Alex Hailey;
? Godaan and Chess Players by Prem Chand,
? Broken Nest by Rabindranath Tagore;
? Neel Darpan by Din Bandhu Mitra
? Plain Tales from Raj by Charles Allen
? Raj by Gita Mehta
? The city of djinns by William Dalrymple
? My experiments with truth by M.K Gandhi
? To kill a mocking bird by Harper Lee
or any regional language book (any one book) or any other book of your liking. The report to include -
1. Gist of the story
2. Narrate specific incidents that reflect some features of the society.
3. Have some or any of these features changed over a period of time?
4. Comparison with modern times.
5. Which character do you like the most and why?
UNIT 2 INDIA ? RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT
6. Multipurpose River Valley Projects and alternate water supply methods
? Role of multipurpose river valley projects
? Evaluation of positive and negative aspects of river valley projects
? Case study on one river valley and one local area conservation project
? Narmada Bachao Andolan
? Tehri Dam Andolan
The case study should include the following:-
? Rehabilitation of the displaced population
? Environment Impact Assessment
7. Development and changes in Agriculture of India since independence
? Transition from subsistence to commercial farming
? Change in the cropping pattern in Punjab, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
? Green Revolution I and II and its impact both positive and negative
8. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
? Types of pollutants
? Ill-effects of different pollutants
? Consequences of pollution study of any local river, factory or land fill.
9. Tourism
? Development of different types of tourism
? Important destinations of foreign and Indian tourists in at least 2 States of India
? Tourism as an upcoming industry
? Hindrance in the development of tourism in India
UNIT 3: DEMOCRATIC POLITICS - II
1. Comparative study of India and any one country from the United States of America/ Australia/Canada/South Africa
The study report to include :
? Meaning of Federalism.
? Why Federalism required in India and the ?chosen? country
? Features of Federalism in both?similarities and differences
? Working of Federalism-- Federalism in theory and practice?give examples of center and state relationships and conflict and tension between center and state and state and State
? How successful has federalism been in both the countries
? Which system?a federal or unitary, do you favour for India? Why?
11. Political Parties
? Meaning of Political parties.
? Kinds of political parties.
? Political party system in Great Britain, United States of America, India, Switzerland, China, Cuba, USSR, North Korea . Take political party systems from any of the two countries mentioned here and compare their organization, manifestoes, policies and programs, their success and failure.
? Participation in political parties and participation of political parties in the democratic process.
? If you had to join a political party in India today, which one would it be and why?
? What would be your manifesto?
12. Judicial Activism
? Meaning and scope of judicial activism
? Judicial activism in the developed countries/developing countries. Students can take one from a developed country such as USA, UK and one from a developing country e.g. India.
? What is the need for judicial activism?
? Judicial activism and the role of NGOs.
? Extent of success achieved by judicial activism.
? Judicial activism and judicial structure in India.
Students are required to read the newspapers of recent times and take up a case study like Jessica Lal case and explain judicial activism.
13. Need of Media role in a Democratic system
? Meaning of media.
? Kinds of media : print and electronic
? Media and democratic system
? Freedom of press, its necessity and role in India
? The success achieved in India - a comparative study with any other country
? Media and the latest technologies adopted pertaining to sports, elections, discoveries, wars, inventions etc.
? Do the electronic media sometimes go overboard covering celebrities?
? Is media always fair in India?give examples from recent times.
14. Challenges facing the Democratic system
? Kinds of challenges (any one)
o Poverty
o Illiteracy
o Regionalism
o Unemployment
o Communalism
o Linguism
o Political violence--insurgency
The challenge and its present scenario.
? Steps taken by Government for tackling the challenge.
? Extent of success achieved pertaining to the challenge.
? Is the extent of success satisfactory? If not, why not?
? Suggestions for improvement.
UNIT 4 - UNDERSTANDING ECONOMICS II
15. Globalization and its impact on agriculture and industry
? What is Globalization?
? Factors that have led to globalization in the 21st century
? Effects of globalization on the Indian farming sector ? both positive and negative
? Effects on Indian industry
? WTO and Globalization
? Globalization and the future of the Indian economy.
16. Changes in the occupational patterns of India since independence
? Transition from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sector
? Comparison between India and anyone developed economy such as USA, Japan or Germany.
? Emerging role of tertiary sector in India.
? New kinds of jobs that have emerged in the last decade?Which of these excites you the most?
17. Indicators of Development
? Different indicators of development.
? Regional disparities in development seen through the indicators.
? Comparisons of develop
Project Work For Class X and IX
Central Board of Secondary Education
Shiksha Kendra, 2 Community Center, Preet Vihar
Delhi 110092
ACAD/EO(COM)/2007 14/05/2007
Circular No.24/07
The Heads
of all CBSE affiliated institutions
Sub.: Topics/themes for Project Work in Social Science for class X
Dear Principal,
Your kind attention is drawn to the office circular no.18 dated 21.07.2006 detailing Project Guidelines for classes IX and X for the academic session 2006-07. With the introduction of the new curriculum and textbooks, topics/themes for Project Work in Social Science for Class X have been revised for the current academic session 2007-08 and the same is forwarded for further dissemination to the concerned teachers in your school. The guidelines and other details on project work requirements and evaluation for classes IX and X and the themes for class IX project work specified in the above circular no.18 remain unchanged.
Yours faithfully,
(C. GURUMUTHY)
DIRECTOR (ACAD.)
LIST OF SUGGESTED PROJECTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE FOR CLASS X
(ANY ONE PROJECT)
UNIT 1 : INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD II
1. Nationalism in Europe and India
Compare the policies and methods used by Otto von Bismarck and Sardar Vallabhai Patel in unification of Germany and integration of States of India respectively. The report should include :-
� Condition of Germany before 1871 (unification)
� Condition of India immediately after 1947
� Why the need for unification in both the places
� Emergence of Bismarck and Sardar Patel, their brief life history
� Their role in unification and integration.
� Similarities and differences between the methods adopted by the two leaders
� How did the unification affect the growth of the respective countries.
You may refer to the following websites:
http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismark
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/73.htm
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/73.htm
http://www1.bartleby.com/65/bi/BismarckO.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_integration_of India
Books : Any European History book on 19th century and Integration of States by V.P. Menon
2. Evolution and significance of the symbols associated with India?s freedom movement
� Need for symbols in general and during Freedom struggle
� Evolution of the symbols over a period of time. (Any two symbols out of the flag, a song, an object like the Charkha, a khadi, a novel, a place a newspaper like Harijan etc. may be selected).
� The impact of symbols on common people during the course of the freedom movement ? how and in what occasions were they used
� How did they help in the making of the Indian nation-did they give a sense of identity?
� What do these symbols mean to you today?
� Design a symbol for 21st century reflecting its nationhood-Explain the symbol
You may refer to the following websites :
Flag:
http://www.geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art 16/flag1.htm
http://brilliantgnorance.blogspot.com/2005/08/history-of-indian-flag.html.
Sabarmati Ashram:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram
http://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/sabarmati.htm
http://www.indcast.com/ms/ASHRAM%20HISTORY.htm
Khadi:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi
http://www.kvic.org.in/v4/khadi.asp
3. Growth of a city ? Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries
� Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards
� Reasons for its growth and importance
� New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices
� Change in population pattern
� Maps pertaining to this period
� Some imporant monuments and the new architecture in the cities
� The city today and its importance
Colonial architecture websites:
http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art/architecture/colonial/colov.html
http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/india/art/architecture/colonial
4. Series of inventions/ discoveries during the Industrial revolution in England (Any two)
� The need for the inventions in 18th & 19th century in England
� The inventors and their story
� Technique/science behind the inventions
� Opposition/reaction of the society
� Evolution of the invention till Modern Times
� Do we use any of these today? How and where?
� Which, according to you was the most important of all inventions? Why?
You may refer to the following websites:
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Inventors.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/Industrial.html#Inventions
Refer to any books of British history of 18th and 19th centuries
Recreating the history of a period through a book.
Suggested books for reading :-
Exodus by Leon Iris for formation of Israel
Armaggden by Leon Uris for the aftermath of a war
All quiet on the western front for First World war
Oliver Twist, David Copper Field by Charles Dickens for society during Industrial Revolution
Good Earth by Pearl S Buck;
Roots by Alex Hailey;
Godaan and Chess Players by Prem Chand,
Broken Nest by Rabindranath Tagore;
Neel Darpan by Din Bandhu Mitra
Plain Tales from Raj by Charles Allen
Raj by Gita Mehta
The city of djinns by William Dalrymple
My experiments with truth by M.K Gandhi
To kill a mocking bird by Harper Lee
or any regional language book (any one book) or any other book of your liking. The report to include -
1. Gist of the story
2. Narrate specific incidents that reflect some features of the society.
3. Have some or any of these features changed over a period of time?
4. Comparison with modern times.
Which character do you like the most and why?
UNIT 2 INDIA ? RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT
6. Multipurpose River Valley Projects and alternate water supply methods
� Role of multipurpose river valley projects
� Evaluation of positive and negative aspects of river valley projects
� Case study on one river valley and one local area conservation project
� Narmada Bachao Andolan
� Tehri Dam Andolan
The case study should include the following:-
� Rehabilitation of the displaced population
� Environment Impact Assessment
7. Development and changes in Agriculture of India since independence
� Transition from subsistence to commercial farming
� Change in the cropping pattern in Punjab, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
� Green Revolution I and II and its impact both positive and negative
8. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
� Types of pollutants
� Ill-effects of different pollutants
� Consequences of pollution study of any local river, factory or land fill.
9. Tourism
� Development of different types of tourism
� Important destinations of foreign and Indian tourists in at least 2 States of India
� Tourism as an upcoming industry
� Hindrance in the development of tourism in India
UNIT 3: DEMOCRATIC POLITICS - II
1. Comparative study of India and any one country from the United States of America/ Australia/Canada/South Africa
The study report to include :
� Meaning of Federalism.
� Why Federalism required in India and the ?chosen? country
� Features of Federalism in both?similarities and differences
� Working of Federalism-- Federalism in theory and practice?give examples of center and state relationships and conflict and tension between center and state and state and State
� How successful has federalism been in both the countries
� Which system?a federal or unitary, do you favour for India? Why?
11. Political Parties
� Meaning of Political parties.
� Kinds of political parties.
� Political party system in Great Britain, United States of America, India, Switzerland, China, Cuba, USSR, North Korea . Take political party systems from any of the two countries mentioned here and compare their organization, manifestoes, policies and programs, their success and failure.
� Participation in political parties and participation of political parties in the democratic process.
� If you had to join a political party in India today, which one would it be and why?
� What would be your manifesto?
12. Judicial Activism
� Meaning and scope of judicial activism
� Judicial activism in the developed countries/developing countries. Students can take one from a developed country such as USA, UK and one from a developing country e.g. India.
� What is the need for judicial activism?
� Judicial activism and the role of NGOs.
� Extent of success achieved by judicial activism.
� Judicial activism and judicial structure in India.
Students are required to read the newspapers of recent times and take up a case study like Jessica Lal case and explain judicial activism.
13. Need of Media role in a Democratic system
� Meaning of media.
� Kinds of media : print and electronic
� Media and democratic system
� Freedom of press, its necessity and role in India
� The success achieved in India - a comparative study with any other country
� Media and the latest technologies adopted pertaining to sports, elections, discoveries, wars, inventions etc.
� Do the electronic media sometimes go overboard covering celebrities?
� Is media always fair in India?give examples from recent times.
14. Challenges facing the Democratic system
� Kinds of challenges (any one)
o Poverty
o Illiteracy
o Regionalism
o Unemployment
o Communalism
o Linguism
o Political violence--insurgency
The challenge and its present scenario.
� Steps taken by Government for tackling the challenge.
� Extent of success achieved pertaining to the challenge.
� Is the extent of success satisfactory? If not, why not?
� Suggestions for improvement.
UNIT 4 - UNDERSTANDING ECONOMICS II
15. Globalization and its impact on agriculture and industry
� What is Globalization?
� Factors that have led to globalization in the 21st century
� Effects of globalization on the Indian farming sector ? both positive and negative
� Effects on Indian industry
� WTO and Globalization
� Globalization and the future of the Indian economy.
16. Changes in the occupational patterns of India since independence
� Transition from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sector
� Comparison between India and anyone developed economy such as USA, Japan or Germany.
� Emerging role of tertiary sector in India.
� New kinds of jobs that have emerged in the last decade?Which of these excites you the most?
17. Indicators of Development
� Different indicators of development.
� Regional disparities in development seen through the indicators.
� Comparisons of development between Indian and any one developed country of the world.
18. How to become an aware consumer?
� Who is a consumer?
� Rights of a consumer
� Problems faced by consumers ? give examples from every day life.
� What are consumer redressal forums/courts? What do they do?
� How to seek justice from these? Steps needed to be taken by an ordinary consumer
� When you go to buy a product what all do you check? Give examples of different types of products.
� Interview a consumer activist
� From newspaper reports, give an example of a case when consumers have won their rights.
UNIT 5 - DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19. Role of Govt./Non-Government functionaries in your locality in Disaster Management.
� Interview any of the Govt./Non-Government functionaries in your locality on their role in Disaster Management.
o Senior District Magistrate
o Additional District Magistrate
o Sarpanch
o Head of any NGO ? dealing in Disaster Management
o Police inspector, Superintendent of Police
o Civil Defence Warden
o Home guard personnel
o NCC Commandant in the school
o Municipal authorities
� Enquire from at least 20 persons from different walks of life in your locality or school on the areas in disaster management and preparedness plans developed by them.
� Prepare a report on the areas where awareness is needed and find out the local resources available to create awareness.
20. Manual for Disaster Management
� Choose to be any authority on Disaster Management, such as Village Sarpanch, Disaster Magistrate, Police Inspector or Fire Services Officer.
� Formulate laws or rules to be followed in a disaster for the most vulnerable groups.
� Prepare a manual for your department?s officials to follow in an emergency. It should include rules to follow for health, safety, relief availability and distribution, law and order etc.
DIRECTOR (ACADEMIC)
Shiksha Kendra, 2 Community Center, Preet Vihar
Delhi 110092
ACAD/EO(COM)/2007 14/05/2007
Circular No.24/07
The Heads
of all CBSE affiliated institutions
Sub.: Topics/themes for Project Work in Social Science for class X
Dear Principal,
Your kind attention is drawn to the office circular no.18 dated 21.07.2006 detailing Project Guidelines for classes IX and X for the academic session 2006-07. With the introduction of the new curriculum and textbooks, topics/themes for Project Work in Social Science for Class X have been revised for the current academic session 2007-08 and the same is forwarded for further dissemination to the concerned teachers in your school. The guidelines and other details on project work requirements and evaluation for classes IX and X and the themes for class IX project work specified in the above circular no.18 remain unchanged.
Yours faithfully,
(C. GURUMUTHY)
DIRECTOR (ACAD.)
LIST OF SUGGESTED PROJECTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE FOR CLASS X
(ANY ONE PROJECT)
UNIT 1 : INDIA AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD II
1. Nationalism in Europe and India
Compare the policies and methods used by Otto von Bismarck and Sardar Vallabhai Patel in unification of Germany and integration of States of India respectively. The report should include :-
� Condition of Germany before 1871 (unification)
� Condition of India immediately after 1947
� Why the need for unification in both the places
� Emergence of Bismarck and Sardar Patel, their brief life history
� Their role in unification and integration.
� Similarities and differences between the methods adopted by the two leaders
� How did the unification affect the growth of the respective countries.
You may refer to the following websites:
http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismark
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/73.htm
http://www.cyberessays.com/History/73.htm
http://www1.bartleby.com/65/bi/BismarckO.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_integration_of India
Books : Any European History book on 19th century and Integration of States by V.P. Menon
2. Evolution and significance of the symbols associated with India?s freedom movement
� Need for symbols in general and during Freedom struggle
� Evolution of the symbols over a period of time. (Any two symbols out of the flag, a song, an object like the Charkha, a khadi, a novel, a place a newspaper like Harijan etc. may be selected).
� The impact of symbols on common people during the course of the freedom movement ? how and in what occasions were they used
� How did they help in the making of the Indian nation-did they give a sense of identity?
� What do these symbols mean to you today?
� Design a symbol for 21st century reflecting its nationhood-Explain the symbol
You may refer to the following websites :
Flag:
http://www.geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art 16/flag1.htm
http://brilliantgnorance.blogspot.com/2005/08/history-of-indian-flag.html.
Sabarmati Ashram:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram
http://www.mkgandhi.org/gandhiyatra/sabarmati.htm
http://www.indcast.com/ms/ASHRAM%20HISTORY.htm
Khadi:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi
http://www.kvic.org.in/v4/khadi.asp
3. Growth of a city ? Mumbai or Kolkata or Delhi or Chennai or any other city of India in the 19th and 20th centuries
� Trace the growth of the chosen city from 17th century onwards
� Reasons for its growth and importance
� New administrative set up like municipalities, railway stations, post offices
� Change in population pattern
� Maps pertaining to this period
� Some imporant monuments and the new architecture in the cities
� The city today and its importance
Colonial architecture websites:
http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/art/architecture/colonial/colov.html
http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/india/art/architecture/colonial
4. Series of inventions/ discoveries during the Industrial revolution in England (Any two)
� The need for the inventions in 18th & 19th century in England
� The inventors and their story
� Technique/science behind the inventions
� Opposition/reaction of the society
� Evolution of the invention till Modern Times
� Do we use any of these today? How and where?
� Which, according to you was the most important of all inventions? Why?
You may refer to the following websites:
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Science/Inventors.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
http://members.aol.com/TeacherNet/Industrial.html#Inventions
Refer to any books of British history of 18th and 19th centuries
Recreating the history of a period through a book.
Suggested books for reading :-
Exodus by Leon Iris for formation of Israel
Armaggden by Leon Uris for the aftermath of a war
All quiet on the western front for First World war
Oliver Twist, David Copper Field by Charles Dickens for society during Industrial Revolution
Good Earth by Pearl S Buck;
Roots by Alex Hailey;
Godaan and Chess Players by Prem Chand,
Broken Nest by Rabindranath Tagore;
Neel Darpan by Din Bandhu Mitra
Plain Tales from Raj by Charles Allen
Raj by Gita Mehta
The city of djinns by William Dalrymple
My experiments with truth by M.K Gandhi
To kill a mocking bird by Harper Lee
or any regional language book (any one book) or any other book of your liking. The report to include -
1. Gist of the story
2. Narrate specific incidents that reflect some features of the society.
3. Have some or any of these features changed over a period of time?
4. Comparison with modern times.
Which character do you like the most and why?
UNIT 2 INDIA ? RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT
6. Multipurpose River Valley Projects and alternate water supply methods
� Role of multipurpose river valley projects
� Evaluation of positive and negative aspects of river valley projects
� Case study on one river valley and one local area conservation project
� Narmada Bachao Andolan
� Tehri Dam Andolan
The case study should include the following:-
� Rehabilitation of the displaced population
� Environment Impact Assessment
7. Development and changes in Agriculture of India since independence
� Transition from subsistence to commercial farming
� Change in the cropping pattern in Punjab, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
� Green Revolution I and II and its impact both positive and negative
8. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
� Types of pollutants
� Ill-effects of different pollutants
� Consequences of pollution study of any local river, factory or land fill.
9. Tourism
� Development of different types of tourism
� Important destinations of foreign and Indian tourists in at least 2 States of India
� Tourism as an upcoming industry
� Hindrance in the development of tourism in India
UNIT 3: DEMOCRATIC POLITICS - II
1. Comparative study of India and any one country from the United States of America/ Australia/Canada/South Africa
The study report to include :
� Meaning of Federalism.
� Why Federalism required in India and the ?chosen? country
� Features of Federalism in both?similarities and differences
� Working of Federalism-- Federalism in theory and practice?give examples of center and state relationships and conflict and tension between center and state and state and State
� How successful has federalism been in both the countries
� Which system?a federal or unitary, do you favour for India? Why?
11. Political Parties
� Meaning of Political parties.
� Kinds of political parties.
� Political party system in Great Britain, United States of America, India, Switzerland, China, Cuba, USSR, North Korea . Take political party systems from any of the two countries mentioned here and compare their organization, manifestoes, policies and programs, their success and failure.
� Participation in political parties and participation of political parties in the democratic process.
� If you had to join a political party in India today, which one would it be and why?
� What would be your manifesto?
12. Judicial Activism
� Meaning and scope of judicial activism
� Judicial activism in the developed countries/developing countries. Students can take one from a developed country such as USA, UK and one from a developing country e.g. India.
� What is the need for judicial activism?
� Judicial activism and the role of NGOs.
� Extent of success achieved by judicial activism.
� Judicial activism and judicial structure in India.
Students are required to read the newspapers of recent times and take up a case study like Jessica Lal case and explain judicial activism.
13. Need of Media role in a Democratic system
� Meaning of media.
� Kinds of media : print and electronic
� Media and democratic system
� Freedom of press, its necessity and role in India
� The success achieved in India - a comparative study with any other country
� Media and the latest technologies adopted pertaining to sports, elections, discoveries, wars, inventions etc.
� Do the electronic media sometimes go overboard covering celebrities?
� Is media always fair in India?give examples from recent times.
14. Challenges facing the Democratic system
� Kinds of challenges (any one)
o Poverty
o Illiteracy
o Regionalism
o Unemployment
o Communalism
o Linguism
o Political violence--insurgency
The challenge and its present scenario.
� Steps taken by Government for tackling the challenge.
� Extent of success achieved pertaining to the challenge.
� Is the extent of success satisfactory? If not, why not?
� Suggestions for improvement.
UNIT 4 - UNDERSTANDING ECONOMICS II
15. Globalization and its impact on agriculture and industry
� What is Globalization?
� Factors that have led to globalization in the 21st century
� Effects of globalization on the Indian farming sector ? both positive and negative
� Effects on Indian industry
� WTO and Globalization
� Globalization and the future of the Indian economy.
16. Changes in the occupational patterns of India since independence
� Transition from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sector
� Comparison between India and anyone developed economy such as USA, Japan or Germany.
� Emerging role of tertiary sector in India.
� New kinds of jobs that have emerged in the last decade?Which of these excites you the most?
17. Indicators of Development
� Different indicators of development.
� Regional disparities in development seen through the indicators.
� Comparisons of development between Indian and any one developed country of the world.
18. How to become an aware consumer?
� Who is a consumer?
� Rights of a consumer
� Problems faced by consumers ? give examples from every day life.
� What are consumer redressal forums/courts? What do they do?
� How to seek justice from these? Steps needed to be taken by an ordinary consumer
� When you go to buy a product what all do you check? Give examples of different types of products.
� Interview a consumer activist
� From newspaper reports, give an example of a case when consumers have won their rights.
UNIT 5 - DISASTER MANAGEMENT
19. Role of Govt./Non-Government functionaries in your locality in Disaster Management.
� Interview any of the Govt./Non-Government functionaries in your locality on their role in Disaster Management.
o Senior District Magistrate
o Additional District Magistrate
o Sarpanch
o Head of any NGO ? dealing in Disaster Management
o Police inspector, Superintendent of Police
o Civil Defence Warden
o Home guard personnel
o NCC Commandant in the school
o Municipal authorities
� Enquire from at least 20 persons from different walks of life in your locality or school on the areas in disaster management and preparedness plans developed by them.
� Prepare a report on the areas where awareness is needed and find out the local resources available to create awareness.
20. Manual for Disaster Management
� Choose to be any authority on Disaster Management, such as Village Sarpanch, Disaster Magistrate, Police Inspector or Fire Services Officer.
� Formulate laws or rules to be followed in a disaster for the most vulnerable groups.
� Prepare a manual for your department?s officials to follow in an emergency. It should include rules to follow for health, safety, relief availability and distribution, law and order etc.
DIRECTOR (ACADEMIC)
Sunday, August 3, 2008
Essential Bluetooth hacking tools
Saturday, August 2, 2008
About CBSE ?????????
ABOUT CBSE
Historical Background
A trail of developments mark the significant changes that took place over the years in shaping up the Board to its present status. U P Board of High School and Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in 1921. It has under its jurisdiction Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In response to the representation made by the Government of United Provinces, the then Government of India suggested to set up a joint Board in 1929 for all the areas which was named as the ? Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana. This included Ajmer, Merwara, Central India and Gwalior.
The Board witnessed rapid growth and expansion at the level of Secondary education resulting in improved quality and standard of education in institutions. But with the advent of State Universities and State Boards in various parts of the country the jurisdiction of the Board was confined only to Ajmer, Bhopal and Vindhya Pradesh later. As a result of this, in 1952 , the constitution of the Board was amended wherein its jurisdiction was extended to part-C and Part-D territories and the Board was given its present name ?Central Board of Secondary Education?. It was in the year 1962 finally that the Board was reconstituted. The main objectives were those of : serving the educational institutions more effectively, to be responsive to the educational needs of those students whose parents were employed in the Central Government and had frequently transferable jobs.
Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of the Board is extensive and stretches beyond the national geographical boundaries. As a result of the reconstitution, the erstwhile ? Delhi Board of Secondary Education? was merged with the Central Board and thus all the educational institutions recognized by the Delhi Board also became a part of the Central Board . Subsequently, all the schools located in the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Andaman and Nicobar Island, Arunachal Pradesh, the state of Sikkim , and now Jharkhand, Uttaranchal and Chhattisgarh have also got affiliation with the Board. From 309 schools in 1962 the Board today has 8979 schools on 31-03-2007 including 141 schools in 21 countries. There are 897 Kendriya Vidyalayas, 1761 Government Schools, 5827 Independent Schools, 480 Jawahar Novodaya Vidyalayas and 14 Central Tibetean Schools.
Decentralisation
In order to execute its functions effectively Regional Offices have been set up by the Board in different parts of the country to be more responsive to the affiliated schools. The Board has regional offices in Allahabad , Ajmer, Chennai, Guwahati, Panchkula and Delhi. Schools located outside India are looked after by regional office Delhi. For detailed jurisdiction of regional offices of CBSE click here. The headquarter constantly monitors the activities of the Regional Offices. Although, sufficient powers have been vested with the Regional Offices. Issues involving policy matters are, however, referred to the head office. Matters pertaining to day-to-day administration, liaison with schools, pre and post examination arrangements are all dealt with by the respective regional offices.
Financial Structure
CBSE is a self-financing body which meets the recurring and non-recurring expenditure without any grant-in-aid either from the Central Govt. or from any other source. All the financial requirements of the Board are met from the annual examination charges, affiliation fee, admission fee for PMT. All India Engineering Entrance Examination and sale of Board?s publications.
Major Activities and Objectives
The Central Board of Secondary Education was set up to achieve certain interlinked objectives:
� To prescribe conditions of examinations and conduct public examination at the end of Class X and XII . To grant qualifying certificates to successful candidates of the affiliated schools.
� To fulfill the educational requirements of those students whose parents were employed in transferable jobs.
� To prescribe and update the course of instructions of examinations
� To affiliate institutions for the purpose of examination and raise the academic standards of the country.
The prime focus of the Board is on
� Innovations in teaching-learning methodologies by devising students friendly and students centered paradigms.
� Reforms in examinations and evaluation practices.
� Skill learning by adding job-oriented and job-linked inputs.
� Regularly updating the pedagogical skills of the teachers and administrators by conducting in service training programmes, workshops etc.
FMM curriculum class xi and xii 2008
INTRODUCTION
Mr. Y. Reddy, the Governor of Reserve Bank of India while inaugurating an International Conference on Financial education has stated ?Present day school pass outs need to be lot more financially literate than their parents were. Financial Education can make a difference not only in the quality of life that individuals can afford but also the integrity and quality of markets. In U. K. and U. S. A. the financial education starts from Class VI onwards. The CBSE is taking a revolutionary step by introducing Professional Competency Education or Occupation Oriented Education in Financial Markets for the first time in India at 10+2 level.
India is one of the best emerging market in the world with 2 crores investors. The Bombay Stock Exchange?s (BSE) Sensex and National Stock Exchange (NSE) appreciated by 73.7 per cent and 67.1 per cent respectively over March 31, 2005. The Market capitalization of NSE and BSE are Rs. 2,777,401 crores and Rs. 2,993,779 crores respectively. The market capitalization to GDP ratio was 85.6% as on 31 March 2006.
Public at large has shown tremendous faith in the mutual funds. In 2005-06. The mutual funds industry mobilized highest ever amount of Rs. 52,779 crores. The total money under the mutual funds management is Rs. 307,107 crores. The Number of brokers and sub brokers registered with SEBI are 9335.
A large number of Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) are investing heavily in India and the investment amount was Rs. 48,801 crores in 2006. The total number of FIIs registered with Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) are 882.
There is huge employment potential in Financial Market. As per industry estimates there is shortage of more than 50,000 professionals in stock and commodity markets. This shortage is projected as one lakh by 2008-09.
The BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) Industry is slated to touch revenues of Rs. 155604 crores by the end of 2006 as per NASSCOM. The total direct employment in the Indian IT-ITES sector is estimated to have grown by over a million, from 284,000 in FY 1999-2000 to a projected 1,287,000 in the current fiscal (2005-06). In addition to nearly 1.3 million - strong workforce employed directly in the industry, Indian IT-ITES is estimated to have helped create an additional 3 million job opportunities through indirect and induced employment. Therefore, in ITES (BPO) alone there is acute shortage of trained manpower, coupled with high degree of attrition.
Computerized accounting and finance in organized and unorganized sectors is another area of employment for the youth.
Hon?ble Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh announced on the Independence day that the Scheme of Vocational Education and Training will be implemented in a mission mode to provide employment to a large number of youth in the county. India being young nation, around 28 million youth arte added every years looking for employment. To fulfill the training needs of the huge target groups, emerging employment opportunities in various sectors of economy need to be explored.
At this juncture, it is more appropriate for developing course on Financial Market Management under professional Competency Education where much emphasis is given for Competency Based Curriculum, Competency Based Training and Competency Based Assessment and Competency Based industry joint certification with NSE. The curriculum would be revised periodically as per the changes of the market demand.
The CBSE has appointed a Curriculum Development Committee under the chairmanship of Shri. G. C. Sharma, Director, BLB Institute of Financial Markets (an Education arm of BLB Group) as a representative of ASSOCHAM.
PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT has provided all necessary support for development of curriculum and other teaching learning material for the course.
It is hoped that the present curriculum would help a large number of youth to acquire employable skills and to enter world of work for their decent livelihoods and for economic growth of the country.
2. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Trading
Dealer, Cash and Futures Market
Arbitrageurs, Cash and Futures Market
Marketing
Executive, Client Acquisition
Executive, Client Conversion and Retention
Sales executive
Management Trainees
Customer Care, E-broking
Telemarketers / Telecallers
Executive, Market Research
Back-Office
Accounting and Finance executive
Executive, Depository Participant
Executive, payment collection
Executive Investor?s grievance
IT
Executive, finance technology
Executive, web developer
FINANCE AND AUDIT COMPANIES
Account Manager
Commercial Assistant
Junior Accounts Executive
Finance Coordinator
Taxation Assistant
Accounts & Finance Executive
Assistant in Trust companies and other financial institutions
Computer Operator in Financial and other companies
BPO SECTOR
Process Associates / Customer Care Executives in:
In bound and out bound call enters
Back office transaction processing
Processing of credit cards, Insurance claims
Home / mortgage loans
Credit collections and receivables
General and business transcription
Conference / earning calls proceedings
Image based data processing
Banking based transaction processing
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
The main objective of the course is to develop professional competency and employable skills in Financial Market Management.
The specific objectives are:
To develop employable skill in Financial Markets
To develop employable skills in Financial Accounting
To develop employable skills in BPO
To develop employable Computer Applications skills for Financial Organisations
To develop financial and investment capabilities (at early stage of career)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sl. No Subject Period/Week Examination Total Marks CBSE-Industry Joint Certification
Th. Pr. Total Marks (Th) Hrs Marks (Pr) Hrs
1. Language I 7 - 7 100 3 - - 100
2 Language II OR Economics (030) OR Business Studies (054) OR Entrepreneurship (066) 8 - 8 100 3 - - 100
3 i. Accounting for Business - I 6 4 10 60 3 40 2 100
ii. Introduction to Financial Market - I 6 4 10 60 3 40 2 100 Compulsory NSE Online Certification on Financial Markets: A Beginners? Module to be passed during summer vacation between XI and XII class
iii. Computer Application in Financial Markets -I 4 6 10 40 2 60 3 100
Additional (Optional)
Mutual Fund OR 10 - 10 100 3 - - 100
Any one of the Subject from academic electives except the subject selected in serial no. 2 8 - 8 100 3 - - 100
4 Physical and Health Education 2 - 2 - - - - -
5 Library 1 - 1 - - - - -
4. SCHEME OF STUDIES
Class XI (Financial Market Management)
Note: Subject at Sl. No. 1, 2 and 4 are as per Academic Stream. Senior School Curriculum of the concerned year should
be referred to for the courses in respect of said subjects.
Class XII (Financial Market Management)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sl. No Subject Period/Week Examination Total Marks CBSE-Industry Joint Certification
Th. Pr. Total Marks (Th) Hrs Marks (Pr) Hrs
1. Language I 7 - 7 100 3 - - 100
2 Language II OR Economics (030) OR Business Studies (054) OR Entrepreneurship (066) 8 - 8 100 3 - - 100
3 i. Accounting for Business - II 6 4 10 60 3 40 2 100
ii. Introduction to Financial Markets - II 6 4 10 60 3 40 2 100 Compulsory NSE Online Certification on Financial Markets: A Beginners? Module to be passed during summer vacation between XI and XII class
iii. Business Process Outsourcing Skills 6 4 10 60 3 40 2 100
Additional (Optional)
Commodities Market OR 6 4 10 60 2 40 3 100
Any one of the Subject from academic electives except the subject selected in serial no. 2 8 - 8 100 3 - - 100
4 Physical and Health Education 2 - 2 - - - - -
5 Library 1 - 1 - - - - -
Note: Subject at Sl. No. 1, 2 and 4 are as per Academic Stream. Senior School Curriculum of the concerned year should
be referred to for the courses in respect of said subject.
5. SYLLABUS
CLASS XI
PAPER - I ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS - I
TOTAL MARKS 100
(THEORY 60 + PRACTICAL 40)
THEORY - MARKS: 60
1. Accounting
05 Marks (12 periods)
Meaning and types
Basic Terms: (a) Financial transaction, voucher (b) Capital (c) Assets (d) Liability, (e) Revenue, (f) Debtors, (g) Creditors, (h) Expenditure, Profit, Goods, Purchase Sales Stock Depreciation.
Users of Accounting Information
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - Concepts and conventions
a. Separate Entity Concept, Going Concern, Money Measurement, Accounting Period.
b. Revenue Recognition, Matching, full disclosure, Dual Aspect, Conservatism, Accrual
Classification of Accounts
Rules of Debit and Credit.
2. Recording of Transaction
10 Marks (24 Periods)
i) Books of original Entry - meaning, format and entries - (a) Journal: (b) Cash Book - single, Double and Three Column, (c) Petty Cash Book; (d) Day Books - purchases, sales, purchases returns & sales returns.
ii) (a) Ledger - meaning, utility and format; (b) classification of ledger accounts (c) Posting from journal, Cash Book and Day Books (d) Balancing of Accounts.
3. Banking
10 Marks (24 Periods)
i) Meaning & importance
ii) Types of Banks
Role and Functions of a bank
Deposit Accounts: Meaning & Types
Loan Accounts: Meaning & Types
Bank Reconciliation Statement - (a) Meaning and need (b) Format (c) Preparations with rectifies Cash Book Balance
4. Vouchers and their Preparations
05 Marks (12 Periods)
a) Meaning and importance (b) Different types of vouchers - cash voucher, debit voucher, credit voucher, transfer voucher, adjustment voucher etc.
5. Trial Balance and Errors
10 Marks (24 Periods)
i) Meaning and Objectives
ii) Preparation of Trial Balance
Errors : (a) Errors of omission (b) Errors of commission; (c) Errors of principle and (d) Compensating errors
Rectification of errors
Suspense account - meaning, utility preparation and disposal
6. End of period Accounts: Sole Trader
10 Marks (24 Periods)
i) Trading, Profit & Loss A/c and a Balance Sheet with simple adjustments like expenses outstanding, income accrued depreciation. Provision for Bad & Doubtful Debt, Closing stock.
7. Taxation - Direct Tax & Indirect Tax
10 Marks (24 Periods)
i) Direct: various terms used in Income Tax - Previous year, assessment year, financial year, accounting year, residential status.
ii) Indirect: (Introduction only)
Sales Tax, Value Added Tax (VAT), Central Sales Tax (CST), Excise, Service Tax, Fringe Benefit Tax (FBT), Banking Transaction Tax (BTT), Cenvat Credit etc
PRACTICAL - MARKS: 40
1. Go to nearby bank branch and collect and fill the following forms and submit 05 Marks (12 Periods)
a. Account opening forms
b. Pay-in-slips for depositing cash, DD, and Cheques
c. DD requisition slips
Collect income tax form and practice in filling the forms
10 Marks (24 Periods)
Take 10 business transactions from a small business office pertaining to cash and prepare a cash book; single column & two Cash Book with Bank columns 5 Marks (12 periods)
Prepare different types of 15 vouchers on the basis of a practical set of given transactions. 5 Marks (12 periods)
Practice in Recording of financial transactions in different subsidiary books, ledger posting, ledger balancing, preparation of trial balance and final accounts (Approximately 30 transactions may be given for this purpose) 10 Marks (24 periods)
Prepare of Bank Reconciliation statement on the basis of the information given in the cash book and pass book.
5 Marks (12 periods)
CLASS XI
PAPER - II INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MARKETS - I
(TOTAL MARKS 100)
(THEORY 60 + PRACTICAL 40)
THEORY - 60 MARKS
1. Markets and Financial Instruments 15 Marks (36 periods)
Types of Markets: Equity, debt, derivatives, commodities, meaning and features of private, public companies; types of investment avenues: Fixed Deposits, Bank Deposits, Provident Fund, Life Insurance, Post Office Savings, Small savings, Gold, Mutual Funds, Equity Share, Debentures / Bonds.
2. Primary Market 7 Marks (17 Periods)
Initial Public Offer (IPO), Book Building through Online IPO, Eligibility to issue securities, Pricing of Issues, Fixed versus Book Building issues, ADRs/GDRs, Allotment of Shares, Basis of Allotment, Private Placement.
3. Secondary Market 20 Marks (48 Periods)
Role and Functions of : Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Depositories, Stock Exchanges, Stock Price Indices, Brokers, Sub-brokers, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Portfolio Managers, Custodians, Share Transfer Agents, Know Your Client, Member Constituent Agreement, Merchant Bankers, Bankers to an Issue, Debenture Trustees, Underwriters, Credit Rating Agencies, Listing, Membership.
Screen - based trading, Client Code, Contract Note, Price-time priority, Price Bands, clearing and Settlement, Rolling Settlement, Settlement Guarantee Fund (SGF), Margins, Investor Protection Fund (IPF), Do?s and Don?ts for investors.
4. Financial Statement Analysis 8 Marks (19 Periods)
Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss Account, Stock Market Related Rations
Simple analysis before investing in the shares: sources of information, understanding Annual Report, Director?s report etc.
5. Commodities Markets - Introduction 10 Marks (24 Periods)
Introduction to Commodities Markets.
Agriculture Commodities - Cotton, Crude, palm oil, RBD Palmolein, Soy Oil, Rapeseed Oil, Soybean and Rapeseed.
Precious Metals - Gold, Silver.
PRACTICAL - 40 MARKS
Features of the NEAT 5 Marks (12 Periods)
o Key Functions
o Buy, Sell, Order Modification (OM) & Order Cancellation (OC)
Use of Tab, Enter and Control Keys 15 Marks (36 Periods)
�
o Speed, Accuracy in Buying, Selling, OM & OC
Proficiency on Numeric Key Pad 15 Marks (36 Periods)
�
o Numerals Layout
o Finger Set Up
o Speed Number Typing
Basic skills in Trading Systems 5 Marks (12 Periods)
�
BSE Trading System : Bombay Online Trading System (BOLT)
NSE Trading System : National Exchange For Automated Trading (NEAT)
Open Dealer Integrated Network Trading system (ODIN)
CLASS XI
PAPER - III COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN FINANCIAL MARKETS
(TOTAL MARKS 100)
(THEORY 40 + PRACTICAL 60)
THEORY - 40 MARKS
COMPUTER HARDWARE 2 MARKS (04 PERIODS)
Personal Computers - Identification / demonstration of different storage devices like floppy disk & floppy disk drive, Pen Drive, CD & CD-drive, DVD Drive, Hard Disk - HDD, Storing & retrieving data from various Storage Devices, Identification of various input & output devices. Different types of printer - Dot Matrix, Inkjet / Deskjet / Bubblejet, Laser printer.
Introduction to troubleshooting of Personal Computers with reference to connectivity (Firewire Port, USB, Parallel Port, Serial Port, PS2, Keyboard Port, Monitor Socket, Speaker/Microphone Socket) for connecting devices such as Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Scanner, Printer, Speaker, Microphone, Pen Drive and Web Cam; Setting of basic properties of Monitor and Printer.
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM 4 MARKS (09 PERIODS)
Introduction to Windows: Logging on, switching between accounts, Accounts aren?t just for networks, Assigning and changing account passwords, shutting down minimizing windows, enlarging windows, manually changing window sizes, moving windows, closing a window, a window?s menu, a window?s toolbar, taskbar & Start button functions and review.
Working with Windows: Looking at My Computer window, working in the My Computer window, other start menu windows, navigating and using Windows Explorer and Control Panel.
Installing Program with Windows: Using the Add or Remove Programs windows, customizing Windows XP, installing and uninstalling applications.
OFFICE 8 MARKS (18 PERIODS)
Introduction to Office: Introducing Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook. Optimizing office shortcut bar, the office assistant, sharing information, the web toolbar.
WORD 1
Processing with Word: Beginning with Word, Entering text, selecting text, deleting text, copying, cutting and pasting text, finding and replacing text with basic and
advanced options, auto correcting and auto formatting, correcting mistakes, spelling and grammar corrections. 2
Formatting with Word: Simple character formatting - changing fonts and colors of text, Inserting numbers and bullets, paragraph formatting - center align, left align, right align and justify text, tab setting, setting indentation and spacing, the ruler; setting page margins, Inserting line and page breaks, Formatting with styles, using format painter, previewing document before print. 2
Managing documents and customizing Word: Document properties, using word?s advanced proofreaders - using the spell checker, using automatic hyphenation, using the thesaurus. Simple transaction, customize features and options settings. 1
Advanced Word Features: Inserting special characters, inserting dates and page numbers, inserting pictures, inserting scanned and digital camera images, creating and using auto text entries, adding tables to documents - creating a new table, traversing the table, Inserting new columns and rows, drawing tables freehand. Using header and footer options, adding footnotes and endnotes. 2
EXCEL 15 MARKS (32 PERIODS)
Excel: Overview: Starting with Excel, understanding worksheets / spreadsheet and workbooks, entering worksheet data - entering text, entering numbers and formulas, entering dates and times. Navigating between spreadsheets. Opening a Workbook, Saving a workbook and printing a Worksheet / Workbook. 1
Editing Excel: Worksheets / Spreadsheets - Selecting cells, editing cell contents. Inserting and deleting cells, Inserting and deleting rows and columns, working with worksheet ranges. Using Cut, copy and paste options, clearing data. 2
Using formulas and functions: Using arithmetic operators, using range names in formulas, using relative and absolute cell referencing, copying formulas. Using auto sum for efficiency, common functions - sum (), average (), max () min (), count (), countif (), counta (). Using paste function. 6
Using Special Tools: Spell checking, auto correct worksheets, finding and replacing data, using autofill, adding comments. 1
Forrnatting worksheets: Center aligning, left aligning, right aligning and justifying cell content, row and column height, changing width and font. Making format changes. Auto formatting worksheets, modifying styles, additional formatting options - special alignment, special cell borders, special cell shades, protecting cells. Conditional formatting, tab colors help separate worksheets. 2
Using Charts: Creating custom charts (graphs) - choosing the chart type, selecting data for chart, modifying the chart. Making a quick, presentable and easily interpretable chart. 3
POWERPOINT 5 MARKS (11 PERIODS)
PowerPoint Presentations: Understanding presentations and slides, creating a new presentation - the auto content wizard and presentation design, creating presentations using design templates, 1
Editing and arranging presentations: Using the outline - adding and importing new items, promoting and demoting elements. Using the slide sorter view, using the notes page view. Saving and printing. 2
PowerPoint advanced features: Modifying presentations, editing individual slides - putting comments in your presentations, adding text and text boxes, moving and rotating text. Adding pictures. 1
Animating your presentations: Using Power Point?s slide show - timed transitions, transition effects, setting up shows, rehearsing slide show. Voice narration, using action buttons, introducing animation scheme, customizing animation. 1
INTERNET SEARCH 2 MARKS (06 PERIODS)
Finding information from the web using popular Internet search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, Lycos, Indiatimes.
EMAIL & OUTLOOK 2 MARKS (06 PERIODS)
E-mails management: Opening e-mail accounts using popular sites offering free email services like Yahoo, Google, Rediffmail, Indiatimes, Hotmail etc., composing a message, formatting text, selecting the e-mail message format, add a signature, sending and receiving emails with / without attachment, reading email, replying to email, printing an email, deleting email, forwarding an email, creating folders/labels for archiving emails. 1
Introduction to Outlook: Setting up an email account, creating, viewing and sending emails, Organizing messages, Keeping contacts - recording contacts, selecting and using contacts. 1
COMPUTER VIRUS 2 MARKS (06 PERIODS)
Computer virus: Computer virus, computer virus versus biological virus. Virus classification - boot sector virus, companion virus, e-mail virus, logic bomb, macro virus, cross - site scripting virus, Worm and Trojan. Effects of computer virus, the vulnerability of operating systems to virus, protection from virus and use of popular anti virus software. 2
PRACTICAL - MARKS 60
KEY BOARDING SKILLS 20 MARKS (40 PERIODS)
Key boarding skills using Typing Tutor software minimum bench mark accurate typing speed of 40 words per minute.
COMPUTER HARDWARE 2 MARKS (6 PERIODS)
Computer Hardware - Identification of various peripherals / devices, checking the connectivity of a system with different peripherals / devices, switching on / off a system, demonstration / identification of different storage devices like floppy disk & floppy disk drive, CD & CD-Drive, Pen-Drive, DVD, Hard Disk - HDD, storing & retrieving data from various storage devices, identification of various input & output devices. Printer operations - inserting paper, setting up the printer, checking the cartridge / ribbon, mounting continuous stationary / inserting paper sheets and taking out prints.
OPERATING SYSTEM - WINDOWS 4 MARKS (12 PERIODS)
Operating system: Windows - Installation of Software, Starting a computer with Windows, controlling mouse pointer movement on screen, shutting down the computer, using start button, starting an application, starting multiple applications, starting and using Windows explorer, Viewing, copying, cutting, pasting the contents from / to different folders or disks, differentiating different types of file, starting an application using Windows explorer, finding a particular file, finding a group of files with different properties, renaming a file / folder, deleting a file / folder, renaming a group of files with particular properties, selecting and deleting a group of files, Creating a folder, formatting a disk, Defragmenting a disk, using scandisk, copy a disk to another disk, finding a file, using find utilities, making a file as hidden, compressing file (s), running a program using RUN option, creating shortcuts, setting desktops, setting screen saver, installing a printer.
MS WORD 20 MARKS (40 PERIODS)
MS-Word - Starting MS-Word, creating a new document, opening an existing document, modifying a document, saving a document, viewing a document, editing text, formatting text, formatting a document, printing documents, minimize, maximize, import-export utilities.
MS EXCEL 15 MARKS (35 PERIODS)
MS-Excel - Starting MS-Excel, cursor movement & control, using different menus / options, entering data, using formulas & functions, making graphs & charts using data, navigating the worksheet, editing the worksheet, saving a workbook, linking worksheets & workbooks, presenting data using different graphs, diagrams, color and fonts, printing different types of graphs, diagrams, printing spreadsheets with proper formatting.
MS POWERPOINT 5 MARKS (13 PERIODS)
MS-PowerPoint - Starting MS-Power Point, creating slides, editing slides, formatting slides using text, objects, clipart pictures, graphs, diagrams, integrating multimedia elements in various file formats, export-import utilities, designing & demonstrating own simple presentations, printing slides, creating self executable slide show file.
EMAIL AND OUTLOOK 2 MARKS (04 PERIODS)
Email and Outlook - Organizing messages, setting up an email account, creating and sending messages using popular email service like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, checking mail, keeping contacts - recording contacts, selecting contacts.
INTERNET SEARCH 2 MARKS (04 PERIODS)
Finding information on the web using popular Internet search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, Lycos, Indiatimes.
CLASS XI
OPTIONAL
MUTUAL FUND
TOTAL MARKS 100
1. CONCEPT AND ROLE OF MUTUAL FUNDS 8 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
Section One
The concept of a Mutual Fund; Advantages of Mutual Fund investing - Portfolio Diversification, Professional Management, Reduction of Risk, Transaction Costs and Taxes, Liquidity and Convenience.
Section Two
Evolution of Mutual Funds in India - Size of Industry, Growth Trends
Role of Mutual Funds in Financial Markets
Section Three
Type pf Funds
Open - end Funds / Closed - end Funds / Fixed Term Plans, Load Funds / No Load Funds, Tax Exempt / Non Tax Exempt Funds, Exchange Traded Funds, Fund and Funds.
Money Market / Liquid Funds, Equity Funds, Debt Funds, Hybrid Funds, Commodity Funds, Real Estate Funds, Fund of Funds.
Equity Funds - Aggressive Growth Funds, Small Cap Funds, Growth Funds, Growth and Income Funds, Value Funds, Equity Income Funds, Equity Linked Saving Schemes, Index Funds, Sector Funds, Specialised Funds, Offshore Funds, Option Income Funds.
Debt Funds - Bond Funds, Government Securities Funds, Specialised Bond Funds - Infrastructure / Real Estate, Mortgage Backed Securities Funds; High Yield Bond Funds;
Offshore / Global Bond Funds / Country Funds, Assured Return Funds and Fixed Term Plans
Hybrid Funds - Balanced Funds, Growth & Income Funds, Asset Allocation Funds
Commodity Funds - Precious Metals / Gold Funds, Single versus Multi Commodity Funds
2. FUND STRUCTURE AND CONSTITUENTS 6 MARKS (14 PERIODS)
Section One
Legal Structure -
Closed end and Open end Funds
Asset Management Company, Trustees / Trust Companies
Legal Status of Fund Sponsors
Rights and Responsibilities of the AMC Directors, Trustees (SEBI Companies Act)
Fiduciary Nature of Relationship between Investor and Fund
Legal Structure in the U. S. - Investment Companies, Management
Companies and Advisors
Legal Structure in the U. K. - Unit Trusts, Trustees
Section Two
Role, Functions, Rights and Responsibilities of Other Market Constituents
Registrars, Bankers, Custodians, Depositories
Marketing and Distribution Participants - Individual Distributors,
Banks, NBFCs, Stock Brokers, Sub-Brokers
Section Three
Fund mergers and Scheme Takeovers
3. LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 6 MARKS (15 PERIODS)
Section One
Role of regulators in India
SEBI, RBI, Ministry of Finance, Stock Exchange, Registrar of Companies, CLB, DCA
Section Two
Regulation versus Self Regulation - Role of AMFI, Investor Associations, Consumer Forums / Courts
Section Three
Rights and Obligations of the Investor
4. THE OFFER DOCUMENT 6 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
Section One
INTRODUCTION
The Offer Document - What it is, Importance, Contents, Regulation and Investors Rights
Section Two
Contents of the Offer Document
Standard Offer Document for Mutual Funds (SEBI Format)
Summary Information
Glossary of Defined Terms
Risk Disclosures
Legal and Regulatory Compliance
Expenses
Condensed Financial Information of Scheme
Constitution of the Mutual Fund
Investment Objectives and Policies
Management of the Fund
Offer Related Information
Section Three
KEY INFORMATION MEMORANDUM
5. FUND DISTRIBUTION AND SALES PRACTICES 8 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
Section One
� The Challenge of Distributing Mutual Funds
� Who Can Invest in MFs in India
Section Two
Distribution channels
� Role of Direct Marketing by Mutual Funds in India
� Broker / Sub Broker Arrangements
� Individual Agents, Brokers, Sub-Brokers, Banks, NBFCs
Section Three
Sales Practices
6. ACCOUNTING, VALUATION AND TAXATION 8 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
In India, mutual funds are regulated by SEBI, which lays down the regulations for fund accounting and valuation of securities. The Income Tax Act, 1961 lays down the relevant tax provisions that govern mutual funds. This chapter outlines the major elements of mutual fund accounting, valuation and taxation norms as applicable to mutual funds in India.
Section One
Accounting
SEBI Regulations on
� NAV Computation
� Pricing of Units
� Fees and Expenses
� Initial Issue Expenses
� Disclosures and Reporting Requirements
� Accounting Policies
Section Two
Valuation
Marking to Market
Equity Valuation Norms - Listed, Unlisted, Untraded / Thinly treaded
Debt Valuation Norms - Listed, Unlisted, thinly traded / Illiquid
Money Market Instruments Valuation Norms
Non Performing Assets (NPA) Norms
Section Three
Taxation
Taxation of Mutual Funds
Taxation of Income and Gains in the Hands of Investors
7. INVESTOR SERVICES 6 MARKS (15 PERIODS)
Section One
Applying for or a account opening with Mutual Fund -
Application / Agreement, Provisions of the Agreement, Point of Receipt, Form of Payment, First Time versus Continuing Payments, Certificate vs. No Certificate
Registering a mutual fund Account - Individual, Joint, Corporate, Trusts, etc.
Repurchase and redemption options
Cut - off Times for Submissions of Requests, Historical vs. Prospective NAVs
Section Two
Different investment plans and services by Mutual Funds-
Accumulation Plans, Systematic Investment Plans, Automatic Reinvestment Plans, Retirement Plans, Switching Within a Family of Funds, voluntary Withdrawal Plans, Redeeming units.
Services Performed by Mutual Funds - Nomination Facilities, Phone Transactions / information, Check Writing, Pass Books, Periodic Statements and Tax Information - Statutory, Others
Loans Against Units.
8. INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT 8 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
Section One
Equity portfolio management
� How to identify which kind of Stocks to include
� Review of the Indian Equity Market
� Types of Equity Instruments
� Equity Classes
� Based on Market Capitalisation
� Based on Anticipated Earnings
� Approaches to Portfolio Management
� Passive: Index Funds
� Active: Growth and Value Investment Styles
� Role of Research in Equity Fund Management
� Successful Equity Portfolio Management
� Use of Equity Derivatives for Portfolio Risk Management
� Organization Structure of Equity Funds
Section Two
Debt Portfolio Management
Classification of Debt Securities
A Review of the Indian Debt Market
Instruments in the Indian Debt Market
Basic Characteristics of Debt Securities
Measures of Bond Yields - Current Yield, YTM, Yield Curve
Risks in Investing in Bonds
� Credit Risk - yield Spreads and Credit Ratings
� Interest Rate Risk - Duration
� Debt Investment Strategies
� Interest Rates and Debt Portfolio Management
� Use of derivatives for Debt Portfolio Management
� Organization Structure of Debt Funds
Section Three
SEBI Investment Guidelines and Restrictions on Investment Portfolios - Structure, Timing of Investments, Permissible Instruments
9. MEASURING AND EVALUATING MUTUAL FUND PERFORMANCE
8 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
When an investor entrusts his savings to a mutual fund, naturally he hopes to increase his wealth by seeing the value of his investments grow. Having understood the conceptual and operating aspects of mutual funds, it is important to analyze the issue involved in the evaluation of fund performance.
Section One
Performance Measures -
Equity Funds
NAV Growth, Total Return; Total Return with Reinvestment at NAV Annualized Returns and Distributions, Computing Total Return (Per Share Income and Expenses, Per Share Capital Changes, Ratios, Share Outstanding), the Expense Ratio, Portfolio turnover Rate, Fund Size, transaction Costs, Cash Flow, Leverage
Debt Funds
Peer Group Comparisons, The Income Ratio, Industry Exposures and Concentrations, NPAs, besides NAV Growth, Total Return, Expense Ratio
Liquid Funds
Fund Yield, besides NAV Growth, Total Return, Expenses Ratio
Differences between Active versus Passive Fund performance, Equity vs. Debt Fund Performance
Passive Funds Performance against Base Index, Tracking Error, Expenses
Performance Measurement - NAV change
Analyzing fund Management - Relative Importance of Factors: Total Return of Different Type of Funds
Section Two
Concept of Benchmarking for Performance Evaluation
Performance Benchmarks in the Indian Context -
Active Equity Fund Performance against Market Indices as Benchmarks
Debt Funds - Interest Rates on Alternative Investments as Benchmarks, I-Bex Total Return Index, JPM T-Bill Index Post-Tax Returns on Bank Deposits versus Debt Funds
Liquid Funds-Short Term government Instruments Interest Rates as Benchmarks, JPM T - Bill Index
Section Three
Tracking a Funds?s Performance - Newspapers, Periodicals, Research Reports, Annual Reports, Prospectus, Reports from Tracking Agencies, Internet and Interpretation of Data
10. HELPING INVESTORS WITH FINANCIAL PLANNING 8 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
Section One
The Concept of Financial Planning for the Investor
� Financial Planning - Definition and Scope
� Need for Professional Financial Planning
� Role of a Financial Planner
� Need for a Fund Distributor to become a Financial Planner
� Benefits of Financial Planning
� Qualities of a Good Financial Planner
� The financial Planning Process
� Common Mistakes in Financial Planning
� The Investor / Client?s Responsibilities
� The Place of Mutual Funds in Financial Planning
Section Two
The Basis of Financial Planning - Life Cycle Stages
Childhood
Young Unmarried
Young Married
Young Married with Children
Married with Older Children
Post-family / Pre-retirement
Retirement
The Basis of Financial Planning - Wealth Cycle Stages
The Accumulation Phase
The Transition Phase
The Distribution Phase
The Inter-Generation Transfer Stage
The Sudden Wealth State
Planning for Affluent Investors
11. RECOMMENDING FINANCIAL PLANNING STRATEGIES TO INVESTORS
8 MARKS (19 PERIODS)
Section One
Financial Planning Strategies - Investing for the Long Term
- Power of Compounding
� Strategies to Maximize Returns on Investment
- Buy and Hold, Rupee Cost Averaging, Value Averaging
- Investing Early, Investing Regularly, Cashing Out
Section Two
Asset Allocation - Meaning and Principles
Strategic and Tactical Asset Allocation
Fixed versus Flexible Asset Allocation
12. SELECTING THE RIGHT INVESSTMENT PRODUCTS FOR INVESTORS
6 MARKS (14 PERIODS)
Once the investor has been helped with a suitable Financial Plan, a Strategy and an appropriate Asset Allocation, the advisor ought to review all investment options available to the investor including the mutual funds. In one of the previous chapters, we discussed the importance of benchmarking fund performance relative to other investment products available in the market. This chapter describes the financial products available to investors in India and compares their investment potential relative to mutual funds.
Section One
Products available in India
Shares, Bonds and Debentures, Bank and Company Deposits, Small Savings Instruments, PPF, Insurance, Gold, Real Estate and Mutual Funds
Section Two
Comparison based on Return, Safety, Liquidity, Convenience
Investing through MFs versus Other Investment Products
� Comparison in terms of Investment objectives, Expected Returns and Potential Risks of Mutual Funds and Other Products
� Investor Perspective: Comparison in terms of Investor Objectives / Expectations, Risk Tolerance and Investment Horizon
Direct Equity Investment versus Mutual Fund Investing
Bank Deposits versus Income and Debt Funds
13. HELPING INVESTORS UNDERSTAND RISKS IN FUND INVESTING
4 MARKS (10 PERIODS)
While reviewing mutual fund investing against other products, and while selecting the right funds, investors must be explained the risks that are inherent in fund investing and in different types of funds. Helping investors understand these risks is a major responsibility of the advisor.
Section One
Awareness of Risks in Mutual fund Investing
� Measures of Equity fund Risks - Equity Fund Price Movements versus Market Index, Peer Group / Competitor Performance Comparison
� Measures of Debt Fund Risks - Debt Fund Returns / Nominal and Real Interest Rates, Guaranteed Income or Assured Return Funds, Fund Volatility versus Index for Fixed Income Securities
� Impact of diversification on fund risk Profile
� Measures of Fund Risk Level: Sharpe and Treynor Ratios
� Attribution Analysis - Measuring Portfolio Manager?s Skills
� Measurement of Risks Using the Prospectus, Annual and Quarterly Returns
� Types of Risk faced by Funds / Investors - Credit Risk, Interest Rate Risk, Price Risk, Liquidity Risk; Company Risk, Sector Risk, Market Risk
� Risk Measurement - Debt versus Equity not a Comparison - Debt is for the Risk Averse Investor
� Risk - Return Relationship, Optimization, and Optimal Risk Level for Varied Classes of Investors.
14. RECOMMENDING MODEL PORTFOLIOS AND SELECTING THE RIGHT FUNDS
4 MARKS (10 PERIODS)
Once financial planning has been done, and the investment options reviewed, the financial planner needs to help the investor build a suitable portfolio of mutual funds and then select the right funds to attain the investment objectives of the investor. This chapter covers these important final steps in financial advisory activity.
Section One
Developing a Model Portfolio
Developing an Investment Portfolio Suited to Investor Needs / Life Cycle Stages
Developing an investment Portfolio Suited to Investor Needs / Wealth Cycle Stages
Investment Options - Equity Instruments, Fixed Income Securities, Quasi-Equity Instruments - Convertible Debentures / Bonds, Warrants, etc., Taxable and Tax Exempt Funds
Asset Allocation
Section Two
Helping the investor choose a Fund based on Selection Criteria -
Objective, Yield, Load, annual Total Return, Portfolio Diversification, Risk Level, Long Term Track Record, Services Provided and Management Expertise
Costs of Ownership - Management Fees, Share Transfer Agent Fees, Custodian Fees, Redemption Fees, Switching Fees, Maintenance Fees
Distribution Costs and Commissions Payable - Front End Loads, Ongoing Sales and Service Charges, Contingent Deferred Sales Charges, Other Fees
Agent?s commissions, Rebates to Investors, Advisory Fees
Impact of Age profile of Investor on Fund Selection
Understanding the Investment Objective of a Mutual Fund Scheme
Appreciation of Capital Market Volatility
Reasons for Fluctuations in a Fund?s NAV
Selecting an Equity Fund, a debt Fund, a Balanced Fund and a Money Market Fund
15. BUSINESS ETHICS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS 4 MARKS (10 PERIODS)
Section One - Understanding Business Ethics
1.1 What is Meant by Business Ethics?
1.2 What is the Need for Business Ethics?
1.3 Business Ethics in Practice : Examples
1.4 Objectives of Business Ethics
1.5 Some Key Terms of Business Ethics
Section Two - Fund Regulators and Business Ethics
2.1 Business Ethics and Fund Regulation in India
2.1.1 Regulators? Responsibilities
2.1.2 Regulatory Objectives
2.1.2.1 Fund Structure and Ethics - a Fiduciary
2.1.2.2 Fund Governance
2.1.2.2.1 Regulatory Requirements
2.1.2.3 Exercise of Voting Rights by Funds
2.1.2.4 Fund Operations
2.1.2.5 Fund Publicity and Advertisements
2.1.3 Ethics related Regulations
2.1.3.1 Guidelines of Good Conduct for AMCs and TCs - Personal Trading
2.1.3.2 Regulations on Personal Trading
2.1.3.3 Regulations on Insider Trading
2.1.3.4 Regulations on Fund Advertisements
2.1.3.5 Compliance Officer
2.1.3.6 Board Review and Reporting to SEBI
2.1.3.7 Code of Conduct for Distributors
2.2 Business Ethics and Fund Regulation in the U. S.
2.2.1 Fund Governance
2.2.2 Investment Adviser Codes of Ethics
2.2.3 Ethical Issues and Responsible Investing
2.2.4 New Regulations and Fair Business Practices
OR
Note: Any one of the subject from academic electives. Please refer the concerned year senior school curriculum of CBSE.
CLASS XII
PAPER - IV ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS - II
TOTAL MARKS 100
(THEORY 60 + PRACTICAL 40)
THEORY - MARKS : 60
1. Financial Statements 15 Marks (36 Periods)
Balance Sheet : meaning, purpose and format
How to read the balance sheet?
Analysis of financial statements - Meaning and need
Tools of financial analysis
Ratio analysis - Ratios to judge liquidity, Activity, profitability and leverage. (current, quick, stock turnover, debtors turnover, fixed assets turnover, creditors turnover, gross profit & net profit ratio, operating ratio, return on investment, debt / equity, debt-service coverage ratio)
Cash flow (with simple adjustments as given above) According to AS-3 (Revised) with simple adjustment like depreciation, tax, dividend and sale of a fixed asset.
2. Banking (Operations) 10 Marks (19 Periods)
i New Instruments offered by banks, types of loans, other financial services -
Personal Banking Services - Deposits, Loans, Investments, Credit & Debit, Cards, Insurance, DEMAT Services, Online Services
NRI Banking - Money Transfer, Bank Accounts, Investments, property Solutions, Insurance, Loans
Corporate Banking - Corporate Net Banking, Cash Management, trade Services, Tradeway, Forex Online, SME Services
Others - Banking Services ATM, Mobile Banking, Internet Banking, DD, Locker / Safe vault and core banking
3. Investment Accounts 7 Marks (14 Periods)
Maintaining the Accounts of investment in Shares of different Companies
Maintaining the Accounts of Bonds and Debentures of different Companies.
4. Cost Accounting 10 Marks (19 Periods)
i Meaning and importance of Cost Accounting
ii Difference between financial accounting and cost accounting
iii Types of costs and costing (Meaning only): fixed & variable, direct & indirect, average cost, marginal costing, standard costing, contract costing etc.
iv Elements of cost : Material, Labour and Overheads
v Cost Sheet : Purpose and its Format
vi Preparation of cost sheet with simple adjustments
5. Corporate Laws 8 Marks (20 Periods)
i Definition of a company - private & public
ii Memorandum and articles of association (Meaning only)
iii Statutory Books (introduction only)
6. Accounting Software 10 Marks (29 Periods)
i Types and utility of accounting software
ii Installation of accounting software
iii Ledger creation
iv Using payroll
PRACTICAL 40 MARKS
1. Visit a Workshop and take 20 items pertain material, labours and overheads and prepare a simple cost sheet 10 Marks (24 Periods)
2. Practice on latest accounting software 12 Marks (30 Periods)
3. Practice on latest Excise Software P&C Account of a Company
4 Marks (10 Periods)
4. Take a actual balance sheet and calculate the ratios
8 Marks (18 Periods)
5. Practice in operation of ATM, Tele Banking, Internet Banking, Core Banking, taking DD, operation of Locker / Safe Vault
6 Marks (14 Periods)
CLASS XII
PAPER - V INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MARKETS - II
TOTAL MARKS 100
(THEORY 60 + PRACTICAL 40)
THEORY - MARKS: 60
PART A: CAPITAL MARKET
1. Trading 8 Marks (18 Periods)
Introduction
Neat System
Market Types - Normal Market, Odd Lot Market, Retail, Debt Market, Auction Market
Corporate Hierarchy
Local Database
Market Phases - Opening, Open Phase, Market Close, Surcon
Logging on
Log Off / Exit from the Application
Neat Screen
Invoking An Inquiry Screen - Market Watch, Security Descriptor, Market by Price, Previous Trades, Outstanding Orders, Activity Log, Order Status, Snap Quote, Market Movement, Market Inquiry, Auction Inquiry, Security / Portfolio List, Multiple Index Broadcast and Graph, Online Backup, Basket trading, Buy-Back Traders, Supplementary Functions
Order Management - Entering Orders, Order Modification, Order Cancellation, Order Matching
Trade Management - Trade Modification, Trade Cancellation
Auction - Entering Auction Orders, Auction Order Modification, Auction Order Cancellation, Auction Order Matching
Limited Physical market
Retail Debt Market (RDM)
Trading Information Downloaded to Members
Internet Broking
Wireless Application Protocol
2. Clearing and Settlement 8 Marks (18 Periods)
Introduction - Transaction Cycle, Settlement Process, Settlement Agencies, Risks in Settlement
Settlement Cycle
Securities Settlement
Fund Settlement
Shortages Handling
Risk Containment Measures - Capital Adequacy Requirements, Margins, Settlement Guarantee, No - Delivery Period
International Securities Identification Number
Dematerialization And Electronic Transfer of Securities
Investor Protection Fund
Clearing Software - Reports
File Transfer Protocol
3. Trading Membership 6 Marks (15 Periods)
4.
Stock Brokers - Introduction, Membership in NSE
Sub - Brokers
Broker - Clients Relations - Know Your Client, unique Client Code, margins from the Clients, Execution of Orders, Accumulation of Orders, Contract Note, Payments / Delivery of Securities to the Clients, Brokerage, Payment of Stamp Duty, Segregation of Bank Accounts
Sub - Broker - Client Relations - Know Your Client, Orders, Purchase / Sale Note, Payments / Delivery of Securities, Brokerage
Dispute, Arbitration and Appeal
Code of advertisement
5. Legal Framework (Introduction and Meaning Only) 4 Marks (8 Periods)
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992
SEBI (Stock Brokers & Sub - brokers) Rules, 1992
SEBI (Stock Brokers & Sub - brokers) Regulations, 1992
SEBI (Insider Trading) Regulations, 1992
SEBI (Prohibition of Fraudulent And Unfair Trade Practices Relating to Securities Markets) Regulations, 1995
The Depositories Act, 1996
Indian Contract Act, 1872
The Companies Act, 1956
Public Debt Act, 1944
Income Tax Act, 1961
6. An Overview of the Indian Securities Market (Basics) 2 Marks (5 Periods)
Introduction - Market Segments, Products and Participants
A Profile - Dependence on Securities Market, Investor Population
Primary Market
Secondary Market
Derivatives Market
Market Design - Primary Market, Secondary Market, Derivatives Market
Regulatory Framework
Research in Securities Market
Testing and Certification
7. Fundamental Valuation Concepts 2 Marks (8 Periods)
Elementary Statistical Concepts - Mean, Geometric Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation, Covariance, Correlation Coefficient, Normal Distribution
Time Value of Money - Future Value of A Single Cash Flow, Future Value of an Annuity, Present Value of a Single Cash Flow, Present Value of an Annuity
Understanding Financial Statements - Comparative Financial Statements, Common Size Statements, Ratio Analysis
Equity Research - Bhav Copy Database, Index Database, Order Book Snapshots, Database, Trades Database
PART B: DERIVATIVES MARKET
1. Introduction to derivatives 2 Marks (5 Periods)
Definition
Products
Participants and functions (Types of members to be included)
Types of derivatives
Exchange - traded vs. OTC derivatives markets
Derivatives market at NSE (including turnover)
2. Market Index: 2 Marks (5 Periods)
Understanding the index number
Index construction
Desirable attributes of an Index
Types of indexes
The S&P CNX Nifty (Introduction, components)
Applications of Index
3. Introduction to futures and options 3 Marks (8 Periods)
Forward contracts
Limitations of forward markets
Introduction to futures
Distinction between futures and forwards contracts
Futures terminology
Introduction to options
Option terminology
Distinction between Futures and options
Index derivatives
4. Application of Futures & Options 3 Marks (5 Periods)
Payoff for derivatives contracts (futures and options)
Difference between trading securities and trading futures on individual securities
Use of futures (only simple strategies of hedging, speculation and arbitrage)
Index futures
Stock futures
Use of Options (Only simple strategies of hedging, speculation and arbitrage)
Index options
Stock options
5. Trading 8 Marks (20 Periods)
Futures and options trading system
Entities in the trading system
Basis of trading
Corporate hierarchy
Order types and conditions
The trader workstation
The market watch window
Inquiry window
Placing orders on the trading system
Market spread / combination order entry
Basket trading
Futures and options market instruments (include interest rate futures)
Contract specifications for index futures
Contract specification for index options
Contract specifications for stock futures
Contract specifications for stock options
Contract cycle
Eligibility of stocks for futures and option trading
Determination of market lot
Quantity freeze
Charges
6. Clearing and settlement 8 Marks (16 Periods)
Clearing entities
Clearing members
Clearing banks
Clearing mechanism
Settlement mechanism
Settlement of futures contracts
Settlement of futures contracts
Settlement of options contracts
Special facility for settlement of institutional deals
Risk Management Systems (Volatility, types of margins & SPAN)
Adjustments for corporate actions
7. Regulatory framework - Introduction only 4 Marks (10 Periods)
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992
Regulation for derivatives trading
L. C. Gupta Committee Report
J. R. Varma Committee Report
Rules, Regulations and Byelaws of NSEIL
Rules, Regulations and Byelaws of NSCCL
Accounting and Taxation issues
PRACTICAL - 40 MARKS
Live Trading NEAT 5 Marks (12 Periods)
Market related Arithmetical Skills 5 Marks (12 Periods)
Mock Trading, Future & Options (F&O) 10 Marks (24 Periods)
NEAT
ODIN
BOLT
MOCK Trading, Cash Market 20 Marks (48 Periods)
NEAT
ODIN
BOLT
CLASS XII
PAPER - VI BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING SKILLS
TOTAL MARKS 100
(THEORY 60 + PRACTICAL 40)
THEORY - MARKS: 60
1. Understanding the BPO sector / Culture 10 Marks (24 Periods)
Introduction to the BPO industry
BPO - Meaning, importance and different types of services
Job profiles, career prospects & key skills
Future potential and challenges
Challenges / Threats facing the Industry
Cost / Quality Model resulting in Outsourcing
Concept of Cost savings resulting from outsourcing
Difference between Indian and Western Culture (American / English / European) / Cultural preferences
Key Regions & States
Different types of Greetings / Lower decibel during all conversations
2. Source Data for Input / Processing / Voice 10 Marks (24 Periods)
Familiarization on high volume data requiring processing
Understanding conversion of paper to images
Technology involved in the imaging
Concept of Split Screen
Latency Time
Rule Set Data Entry
Dependency Fields
Meeting high volumes of similar transactions
Concept of Exception handling
Importance of documentation
Consistency in Processing
Storage / Access / Retrieving of data
Regional Accent and grammar modification
Correct vowel and consonant pronunciation
Proper punctuation, intonation, blending and rhythm
Accurate syllabus stress
Voice Dictation, clarity and pitch
Introduction to phonetics and transcription of messages
Importance of Documentation
Validation of all Documentation
3. Training & Communication 10 Marks (24 Periods)
Mediums used for Transferring Knowledge
Capturing of Skill sets required for the roles & On Job Training
Concept of Subject Matter Experts
Different Methods of preparing / writing invoices
Different Methods of writing amounts / decimals
Geography - Key Regions & States
Common Gestures / Greetings / Words
Difference between active / passive communication
Understanding the depth of different words used / applied
Getting the feeling of the tone
Awareness of offensive words in different cultures
Pro active communication
Awareness of working in similar time zone
Concepts / handling of Conference calls
Preparation of Presentations
Key Channels required for business updates
Difference between listening and hearing
Four levels of listening / Rules on Active listening
Listening barriers and overcoming them
Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery
4. Building a Customer Service Attitude 10 Marks (24 Periods)
Understanding the importance of a customer
Transition from a College Culture to a Corporate Culture
Identify what is professional / unprofessional
Developing business relationship
Customer Centricity
Different tools available in taking customer feedback
Measurements involved in gauging customer satisfaction
Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery
Word Choice & tone
The concept of CARE (courtesy / attitude / respect and empathy)
5. Process Improvements 10 Marks (24 Periods)
Identifying Areas on Improvements
Concept around Critical to Quality (CTQ)
Defining Quality with Metrics
Baseline and Benchmarking
Designing process improvements
Competitive Edge ensuring low transaction cost
Concept of Change Management
Documentation of all improvements
Synergy Benefits derived from multiple improvements
Business benefits derived from process improvements
6. Transition Methodology 10 Marks (24 Periods)
High Level Process mapping & Solution Identification
Mapping of As is process
Transition Budget / Billing & On Job Training
Mapping of Adapted Process
Process Performance Metrics
Concept of Critical to Quality (CTQ?S)
Measurements on CTQ?s
Standard Operating Procedures
Process Ramp up / Ramp down
Concept of Pilot / Pre production
PRACTICAL - MARKS 40
i) Using role play method practice the customer handling procedure
10 Marks (24 Periods)
Telephone handling skills
Communication skills : oral and written
Presentation Skills
Trainers Skills
Cultural Adaptability Skills
ii) A complete case study encompassing the following : 30 Marks (72 Periods)
Document High level process mapping
Solution identification with Adapted process
Training Plan
Computation of As is Process Cost
Computation of Adapted Process Cost
On Job Training and pilot plan
Ramping Up & Ramping down plan
Billing & collections
Documenting process performance metrics
Client Communication
Senior Management Communication
Identifying areas on process improvements
Solution designed on process improvements
Solution mapped on Business Continuity / Disaster Recovery
Analyzing voice of customer
CLASS XII
OPTIONAL
COMMODITIES MARKET
TOTAL MARKS 100
(THEORY 60 + PRACTICAL 40)
THEORY - MARKS: 60
1. Introduction to Derivatives 4 Marks (10 Periods)
Derivatives defined
Types of derivatives:
Financial derivatives
Commodity derivatives
Products, participants and functions
Exchange - traded versus OTC derivatives
2. Commodity Derivatives 4 Marks (10 Periods)
How they differ from financial derivatives
Warehousing
Quality of underlying assets
Global commodities exchanges
Commodities exchanges in India (regional & national)
Commodities permitted for trading
Kabra Committee Report (Roadmap)
Commodity specific issues
Cropping and growth patterns
Global and domestic demand - supply dynamics
Price trends and factors that influence prices
3. Instruments available for trading 8 Marks (20 Periods)
Types of instruments (future, options)
Basics
Payoffs
4. Pricing commodity derivatives 4 Marks (10 Periods)
Investment assets versus consumption assets
The cost of carry model
Pricing futures contracts on investment commodities
Pricing futures contracts on consumption commodities
The futures basis
5. Using commodity derivative markets 8 Marks (15 Periods)
Hedging
Speculation
Arbitrage
6. The NCDEX platform 3 Marks (6 Periods)
About NCDEX
Exchange membership
Rules, regulations, byelaws
7. Commodities to be traded on the NCDEX platform 2 Marks (5 Periods)
Types of commodities
Bullion (silver & gold)
Agricultural commodities
8. Trading on the NCDEX platform 10 Marks (25 Periods)
Contract specifications
Trading system
Entities in the trading system
Trader workstation
Order types and conditions
Exposure limits
9. Clearing, Settlement and Risk Management 10 Marks (25 Periods)
Calendar and settlement schedule
Position determination
Settlement mechanism
Daily Mark to Market Settlement
Settlement price
Daily settlement price
Final settlement price
Margining
Initial margin
Daily Mark to Market margin
Open interest limits
Second Line of Defence
NSCCL SPAN @
Final settlement
Cash settlement
Physical settlement (Warehousing)
Exception Handling
Funds Shortages
Delivery Shortages
10. Regulatory Framework 5 Marks (10 Periods)
Rules governing Commodity Derivatives Exchanges
Rules governing Intermediaries
Investor Grievances, Arbitration Rules
11. Accounting and Taxation issues 2 Marks (8 Periods)
PRACTICAL - 40 MARKS
Mock Trading of Commodities - NCDEX platform
20 Marks (56 Periods)
Viva voice commodities market 20 Marks (56 Periods)
OR
Note: Any one of the subject from academic electives. Please refer the concerned year senior school curriculum of CBSE.
6. LIST OF COLLABORATING INDUSTRIES & INSTITUTIONS
1. National Stock Exchange
2. Bombay Stock Exchange
3. Mutual Fund Companies
4. Foreign Financial Institutions
5. Stock Broking Companies
6. Commodities Broking Companies
7. NASSCOM
8. BPO Companies
9. Call Centers
10. Financial Institutions
11. Other Financial Industries & Organisations
7. LIST OF EQUIPMENTS AND SOFTWARE
Computers
Printer
Software
Manual for Various Software / Assorted Reference Books
Demonstration Stand
Computer Consumable Stationery
LCD Projector
8. LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIAL
Study Material of Financial Market Module of NSE
Futures and Options by B. R. Bagri and N. D. Vohra
Manual of SEBI by V. K. Puri
Indian Finance System by M. Y. Khan
Business Finance by R. K. Sharma
Introduction to Accountancy by T. S. Grewal
An Introduction to Cost Accounting by P. K. Ghosh
Principles of Auditing by G. N. Tandon
Fundamentals of Computers by V. Rajaraman
Manuals of Banks
9. TEACHING FACULTY AND THEIR QUALIFICATIONS
1. TEACHING FACULTY
a) Full Time Teacher
b) Part Time Teachers (Drawn from the industry / relevant field)
2. QUALIFICATION
FULL TIME TEACHERS
a) Essential
M. Com. / MBA / MA (Economics) / Master of Financial Control / Master of Financial Services or equivalent for Accounting for Business.
OR
Bachelor degree from recognized University / Institutes with NSE?s Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM) having passed 3 modules with minimum 60% in
Financial Markets (Beginner?s Module)
Capital Market Dealers Module
Derivative Markets Dealers Module.
OR
Bachelor degree in Computer Science / Application from recognized University / Institutions with Minimum two years experience of working in all the module of MS-Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook)
b) Desirable
i Bachelor of Education or teaching degree from recognized University / institution
ii Having experience of Accounting Software.
Part Time Teachers
Practical trainers duly trained by organizations dealing in financial markets. The trainers should have passed relevant module of NSE.
OR
Practical Trainers should be from stock exchanges or stock broking companies / financial institutions or BPO Industry with minimum of 2 years experience in the field.
10. COURSE COMMITTEE MEMBERS
1. Shri G. C. Sharma Convener
Director,
BLB Institute of Financial Markets,
6, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi.
Representative of ASSOCHAM
2. Shri Shashi Bhushan Chief Co-ordinator
HOD (EDUSAT)
CBSE, New Delhi.
3. Shri A. Palanivel
Head, Business and Commerce Division,
PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT,
131 Zone - II, M. P. Nagar, Bhopal - 462011.
4. Dr. S. C. Gupta
Head of Commerce Department, Ramjas College,
University of Delhi Campus, Delhi - 110007.
5. Shri Anoop Mundra
General Manager,
BLB Institute of Financial Markets,
6, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi.
6. Shri Sharad Talwar
Director
Convergys India Services Pvt. Ltd.
DLF-Atria, Jacaranda Marg,
DLF City, Phase - 2, Gurgaon - 122002, Haryana
7. Shri Sanjay Vig
C.A. & Consultant
Price Water Cooper (PWC)
212 Gandharv Mahavidyalaya
DDU Marg, New Delhi
8. Shri Sunder Ramachandran
Managing Partner, W.H.C. Solutions,
Lajpat Nagar - I, New Delhi
9. Shri Arun Kumar
Sr. Manager
Convergys India Services Pvt. Ltd. Gurgaon - 122002
10. Shri C. Dharuman Co-ordinator
Education Officer (Vocational & Edusat)
CBSE, New Delhi
Previous Year Paper - 2007 Class X
Previous Year Paper - 2007
Class - X
Main Subjects| Subject | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| English (Communicative) | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| English (Language and Literature) | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| English (Language and Literature) (NE) | Set II | ||
| Hindi (Course A) | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Hindi (Course A) (NE) | Set II | ||
| Hindi (Course B) | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Hindi (Course B) (NE) | Set II | ||
| Matchematics (For Blind Candidates only) (Urdu Version) | Set II | ||
| Mathematics | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Mathematics (Blind candidates) | Set II | ||
| Mathematics (For Blind Candidates Only) (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Mathematics (NE) | Set II | ||
| Mathematics (Panjabi Version) | Set I | ||
| Mathematics (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Science and Technology | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Science and Technology (For Blind Candidates only) | Set II | ||
| Science and Technology (NE) | Set II | ||
| Science and Technology (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Social Science | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Social Science (NE) | Set II |
Other Subjects
| Subject | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Arabic | Set I | Set II | |
| Assamese | Set II | ||
| Bengali | Set I | Set II | |
| Bhutia | Set II | ||
| Commerce | Set I | Set II | |
| Communicative Sanskrit | Set I | Set II | |
| English (Communicative) | Set II | ||
| French | Set I | Set II | |
| German | Set I | Set II | |
| Gujarati | Set II | ||
| Home Science | Set I | Set II | |
| Introductory Information Technology | Set I | Set II | |
| Kannada | Set II | ||
| Lepcha | Set II | ||
| Limboo | Set II | ||
| Malayalam | Set II | ||
| Manipuri | Set II | ||
| Marathi | Set II | ||
| Mizo | Set II | ||
| Music Hindustani (Instrumental Melodic) | Set II | ||
| Music Hindustani (Instrumental Percussion) | Set II | ||
| Music Hindustani (Vocal) | Set I | Set II | |
| Music Karnataka (Vocal) | Set II | ||
| Nepali | Set II | ||
| Oriya | Set II | ||
| Painting | Set I | Set II | |
| Persian | Set II | ||
| Practical Skills in Science and Technology | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Practical Skills in Science and Technology (For Blind Candidates only) (Punjabi | |||
| Practical Skills in Science and Technology (For Blind Candidates) | |||
| Practical Skills in Science and Technology (For Blind Candidates) (Urdu Version) | |||
| Practical Skills in Science and Technology (Punjabi Version) | |||
| Practical Skills in Science and Technology (Urdu Version) | |||
| Punjabi | Set I | Set II | |
| Russian | Set II | ||
| Science and Technology (For Blind Candidates only) (Urdu Version) | Set II | ||
| Science and Technology (Punjabi Version) | Set I | ||
| Sindhi | Set II | ||
| Social Science (Punjabi Version) | Set I | ||
| Social Science (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Spanish | Set II | ||
| Tamil | Set I | Set II | |
| Telugu | Set II | ||
| Tibetan | Set II | ||
| Urdu (Course A) | Set I | Set II | |
| Urdu (Course B) | Set I | Set II |
Previous Year Paper - 2007 Class XII
Previous Year Paper - 2007
Class - XII
Main Subjects| Subject | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Accountancy | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Accountancy (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Biology | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Business Studies | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Business Studies (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Chemistry | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Computer Science | Set I | Set II | |
| Economics | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Economics (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Economics (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| English Core | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Functional English | Set I | Set II | |
| Geography | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Geography (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Geography (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Hindi (Core) | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Hindi (Elective) | Set I | Set II | |
| History | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| History (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| History (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Informatics Practices | Set I | Set II | |
| Mathematics | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Physics | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Political Science | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Political Science (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Political Science (Urdu Version) | Set I |
Other Subjects
| Subject | Set I | Set II | Set III |
| Accommodation Services II | Set II | ||
| Advance Food Preparation | Set II | ||
| Agriculture | Set I | Set II | |
| Air Conditioning and Refrigeration-III | Set II | ||
| Air Conditioning and Refrigeration-IV | Set II | ||
| Applied Physics | Set II | ||
| Arabic | Set II | ||
| Auto Engineering | Set II | ||
| Auto Shop Repair and Practice | Set II | ||
| Bakery Science | Set II | ||
| Basic Design | Set I | ||
| Basic Design (Common to Textile Design | Set II | ||
| Beauty Therapy and Hair Dressing II | Set I | ||
| Beauty Therapy and Hair Dressing II (Health Care a | Set II | ||
| Bengali | Set II | ||
| Bhutia | Set II | ||
| Biotechnology | Set I | Set II | |
| Business Data Processing | Set I | Set II | |
| Cash Management and Housekeeping | Set I | Set II | |
| Civil Engineering | Set I | Set II | |
| Classification and Cataloguing | Set II | ||
| Clinical Biochemistry | Set II | ||
| Clothing Construction | Set I | Set II | |
| Commercial Art | Set I | Set II | |
| Commercial Art (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Community Health Nursing II | Set II | ||
| Computers and Life Insurance Administration | Set II | ||
| Confectionery | Set II | ||
| Consumer Behaviour & Protection | Set II | ||
| Cosmetic Chemistry | Set II | ||
| Cosmetic Chemistry (Health Care and Beauty Culture | Set I | ||
| DTP, CAD and Multimedia | Set I | Set II | |
| Dairy Plant Instrumentation | Set II | ||
| Dance (Kathak) | Set II | ||
| Dance Bharatnatyam | Set II | ||
| Dance Kuchipudi | Set II | ||
| Dance Odissi | Set II | ||
| Designing & Pattern Making | Set II | ||
| Designing and Pattern Making | Set I | ||
| Dyeing and Printing | Set I | Set II | |
| Electrical Appliances | Set II | ||
| Electrical Engineering | Set II | ||
| Electrical Machines | Set II | ||
| Electronics Devices and Circuits | Set II | ||
| Elements of Cost Accounting and Auditing | Set II | ||
| Engineering Drawing | Set I | Set II | |
| Engineering Science | Set I | Set II | |
| English Elective | Set I | Set II | |
| Entrepreneurship | Set I | Set II | |
| Establishment & Management of Food Service Unit | Set II | ||
| Fabrication Technology-II | Set II | ||
| Fabrication Technology-III | Set II | ||
| Fashion Studies | Set II | ||
| Financial Accounting | Set II | ||
| Floriculture | Set II | ||
| Food Preparation II | Set II | ||
| Food Science & Hygiene | Set II | ||
| Food and Beverage Services II | Set II | ||
| French | Set II | ||
| Fundamentals of Nursing II | Set II | ||
| German | Set II | ||
| Graphics | Set II | ||
| Gujarati | Set II | ||
| Home Science | Set I | Set II | |
| Home Science (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Home Science (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| IT Systems | Set I | Set II | |
| India-The Tourist Destination | Set I | Set II | |
| Kannada | Set II | ||
| Laboratory Medicine | Set II | ||
| Lending Operations | Set I | Set II | |
| Lepcha | Set II | ||
| Library Administration and Management | Set II | ||
| Limboo | Set II | ||
| Malayalam | Set II | ||
| Management of Bank Office | Set I | Set II | |
| Manipuri | Set II | ||
| Marathi | Set II | ||
| Marketing | Set I | Set II | |
| Maternity & Child Health Nursing II | Set II | ||
| Meal Planning & Service | Set II | ||
| Mechanical Engineering | Set II | ||
| Microbiology | Set II | ||
| Milk Production, Transport and Milk Cooperatives | Set II | ||
| Milk and Milk Products | Set II | ||
| Mizo | Set II | ||
| Multimedia and Web Technology | Set I | Set II | |
| Music Hindustani (Instrumental Melodic) | Set II | ||
| Music Hindustani (Instrumental Percussion) | Set II | ||
| Music Hindustani (Instrumental melodic) (Punjabi V | Set II | ||
| Music Hindustani (Vocal) | Set I | Set II | |
| Music Hindustani (Vocal) (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Music Karnataka (Instrumental Melodic) | Set II | ||
| Music Karnataka (Vocal) | Set II | ||
| Music Karnataka Instrumental Percussion (Mridangam | Set II | ||
| Nepali | Set II | ||
| Office Communication | Set II | ||
| Office Practice and Secretaryship | Set I | Set II | |
| Ophthalmic Techniques | Set II | ||
| Ophthalmic Techniques (Vocational) Biology | Set II | ||
| Optics | Set II | ||
| Oriya | Set II | ||
| Painting | Set II | ||
| Painting (History of Indian Art) | Set I | ||
| Painting (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Persioan | Set II | ||
| Philosophy | Set II | ||
| Physical Education | Set I | Set II | |
| Physical Education (Pujabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Post Harvest Technology & Preservation | Set II | ||
| Poultry Diseases and Their Control | Set II | ||
| Poultry Nutrition and Physiology | Set II | ||
| Poultry Products Technology | Set II | ||
| Principles and Practices of Life Insurance | Set II | ||
| Psychology | Set I | Set II | |
| Psychology (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Punjabi | Set I | Set II | |
| Radiation Physics Paper I | Set II | ||
| Radio Engineering and Audio Systems | Set II | ||
| Radiography-I (General) | Set II | ||
| Radiography-II Paper III | Set II | ||
| Railway Commercial Working | Set II | ||
| Reference Service | Set II | ||
| Salesmanship | Set II | ||
| Sanskrit (Core) | Set I | Set II | |
| Sanskrit (Elective) | Set I | Set II | |
| Sculpture | Set II | ||
| Secretarial Practice and Accounting | Set II | ||
| Sindhi | Set II | ||
| Sociology | Set I | Set II | |
| Sociology (Punjabi Version) | Set II | ||
| Sociology (Urdu Version) | Set I | ||
| Spanish | Set II | ||
| Stenography (English) | Set I | Set II | |
| Stenography (Hindi) | Set I | Set II | |
| Store Accounting | Set II | ||
| Tamil | Set II | ||
| Television and Video Systems | Set II | ||
| Telugu | Set II | ||
| Textile Science | Set I | Set II | |
| Tibetan | Set II | ||
| Tourism Management and Manpower Planning | Set I | Set II | |
| Transportation Systems and Management | Set II | ||
| Travel Trade Management | Set I | Set II | |
| Typewriting (English) | Set I | Set II | |
| Typewriting (Hindi) | Set I | Set II | |
| Urdu (Core) | Set I | Set II | |
| Urdu (Elective) | Set I | Set II | |
| Vegetable Culture | Set II | ||
| Yoga, Anatomy and Physiology (Health Care and Beau | Set I | Set II |
Monday, July 28, 2008
Where Is God When We Suffer?
To what degree can we rely on God to be with us? Is He really someone we can turn to at all...in times of crisis as well as times of calm?
Tragedy, Disaster, Sadness: Where is God?
God is the Creator of the universe who yearns for us to know Him. That is why we are all here. It is His desire that we rely on and experience His strength, love, justice, holiness and compassion. So He says to all who are willing, "Come to Me."
Unlike us, God knows what will happen tomorrow, next week, next year, the next decade. He says, "I am God, and there is no one like me, declaring the end from the beginning."1 He knows what will happen in the world. More importantly, He knows what will occur in your life and can be there for you, if you've chosen to include Him in your life. He tells us that He can be "our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in times of trouble."2 But we must make a sincere effort to seek Him. He says, "you will seek Me and find Me, when you search for Me with all your heart."3
That doesn't mean that those who know God will escape difficult times. They won't. When a terrorist attack causes suffering and death, those who know God will be involved in that suffering also. But there is a peace and a strength that God's presence gives. One follower of Jesus Christ put it this way: "We are hard pressed on every side, but not crushed; perplexed, but not in despair; persecuted, but not abandoned; struck down, but not destroyed."4 Reality tells us that we will experience problems in life. However, if we go through them while knowing God, we can react to them with a different perspective and with a strength that is not our own. No problem has the capacity to be insurmountable to God. He is bigger than all the problems that can hit us, and we are not left alone to deal with them.
God's Word tells us, "The Lord is good, a refuge in times of trouble. He cares for those who trust in him."5 And, "The Lord is near to all who call on him, to all who call on him in truth. He fulfills the desires of those who fear him; he hears their cry and saves them."6
Jesus Christ told His followers these comforting words: "Are not two sparrows sold for a cent? And yet not one of them will fall to the ground apart from your Father. But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Therefore do not fear; you are of more value than many sparrows."7 If you truly turn to God, He will care for you as no one else does, and in a way that no one else can.
Tragedy, Disaster, Sadness: Our Free Will
God has created humanity with the ability to choose. This means that we are not forced into a relationship with Him. He allows us to reject Him and to commit other evil acts as well. He could force us to be loving. He could force us to be good. But then what kind of relationship would we have with Him? It would not be a relationship at all, but a forced, absolutely controlled obedience. Instead He gave us the human dignity of free will.
Naturally, we cry from the depths of our souls..."But God, how could You let something of this magnitude happen?"
How would we want God to act? Do we want Him to control the actions of people? In the case of dealing with a terrorist attack, what could possibly be an acceptable number of deaths for God to allow?! Would we feel better if God allowed only the murder of hundreds? Would we rather God allowed only the death of one person? Yet if God would prevent the murder of even one person, there is no longer freedom to choose. People choose to ignore God, to defy God, to go their own way and commit horrible acts against others.
Tragedy, Disaster, Sadness: Our World
This planet is not a safe place. Someone might shoot us. Or we might be hit by a car. Or we might have to jump from a building attacked by terrorists. Or any number of things that might happen to us in this harsh environment called Earth, the place where God's will is not always followed.
Yet, God is not at the mercy of people, but the other way around. We are at His mercy, fortunately. This is God who created the universe with its uncountable stars, simply by speaking the words, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky."8 This is God who says He "reigns over the nations."9 He is unlimited in power and wisdom. Though problems seem insurmountable to us, we have an incredibly capable God who reminds us, "Behold, I am the LORD, the God of all flesh; is anything too hard for Me?"10 Somehow He is able to maintain the freedom of sinful humans, yet still bring about His will. God clearly says, "My counsel shall stand, and I will accomplish all My purpose."11 And we can draw comfort from that if our lives are submitted to Him. "For God opposes the proud, but gives grace to the humble."12
Fears, Tragedy, Disaster: Where Is God Now?
Many of us -- no, all of us -- choose at times to stiff-arm God and His ways. Compared to others, certainly compared to a terrorist, we might consider ourselves to be respectable, loving people. But in the raw honesty of our own hearts, if we were to face God, it would be with the knowledge of our sin. As we begin to address God in prayer, are we not caught short, paused by the sense that God is well aware of our thoughts, actions and self-centeredness? We have...by our lives and actions...distanced ourselves from God. We have often lived like we could run our lives just fine without Him. The Bible says that "We all, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to his own way."13
The consequences? Our sin has separated us from God, and it affects more than this life. The penalty for our sin is death, or eternal separation from God. However, God has provided a way for us to be forgiven and know Him.
Inner Strength Through God's Love
God came to earth to rescue us. "For God so loved the world, that he sent his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life. For God sent the Son into the world, not to condemn the world, but that the world might be saved through him."14
God knows the pain and suffering we encounter in this world. Jesus left the safety and security of His home, and entered the hard environment we live in. Jesus got tired, knew hunger and thirst, battled accusations from others and was ostracized by family and friends. But Jesus experienced far more than daily hardships. Jesus, the Son of God in human form, willingly took all of our sin on Himself and paid our penalty of death. "In this is love, that he laid down his life for us."15 He went through torture, dying a slow, humiliating death of suffocation on a cross, so that we could be forgiven.
Jesus told others ahead of time that He would be crucified. He said that three days after His death He would come back to life, proving that He is God. He didn't say He would reincarnate someday. (Who would know if He actually did it?) He said three days after being buried He would show Himself physically alive to those who saw His crucifixion. On that third day, Jesus' tomb was found empty and many people testified to seeing Him alive.
He now offers us eternal life. We don't earn this. It is a gift from God offered to us, which we receive when we ask Him to enter our lives. "The gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus."16 If we repent of our sin and turn back to God, we can have the gift of eternal life through Jesus Christ. It's pretty simple. "God has given us eternal life, and this life is in his Son. He who has the Son has life; he who does not have the Son of God does not have life."17 He wants to enter our lives.
Inner Strength Through God's Plan
What about heaven? The Bible says that God has "set eternity in the hearts of men."18 Maybe that means we know, in our hearts, what a better world would look like. The death of people we love convinces us that there's something very wrong with this life and this world. Somewhere deep down in our souls, we know that there must be a much better place to live, free from heart-wrenching difficulties and pain. To be sure, God does have a better place He offers us. It will be a completely different system in which His will is done all the time. In this world, God will wipe every tear from people's eyes. There will be no more mourning, crying, death or pain.19 And God, by His Spirit, will dwell in people in such a way that they will never sin again.20
The events of a terrorist attack are horrific enough. Refusing an eternal relationship with God, which Jesus offers you, would be worse. Not just in light of eternal life, but there is no relationship which compares to knowing God in this life. He is our purpose in life, our source of comfort, our wisdom in confusing times, our strength and hope. "Taste and see that the Lord is good; blessed is the man who takes refuge in him."21
It has been said by some that God is just a crutch. But it is likely that He is the only reliable one.
Jesus said, "Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you; not as the world gives do I give to you. Let not your hearts be troubled, neither let them be afraid."22 For those who will rely on Jesus during their lives, He says it is like building your life on a Rock. Whatever crises attack you in this life, He can keep you strong.
Inner Strength Through God's Son
You can receive Jesus into your life right now. "To all who received Him, to those who believed in His name, He gave the right to become children of God."23 It is through Jesus Christ that we can come back to God. Jesus said, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father, but through Me."24 Jesus offered, "Behold, I stand at the door and knock; if anyone hears My voice and opens the door, I will come in to him."25
Right now you can ask God to enter your life. You can do this through prayer. Prayer means talking honestly with God. At this moment you can call out to God by telling Him something like this in sincerity:
"God, I have turned away from You in my heart, but I want to change that. I want to know You. I want to receive Jesus Christ and His forgiveness into my life. I don't want to be separated from You anymore. Be the God of my life from this day onward. Thank you God."
Have you just now sincerely asked God into your life? If you have, you have a lot to look forward to. God promises to make your present life one of greater satisfaction through knowing Him.26 Where is God? He promises to make His home in you.27 And He gives you eternal life.28
No matter what happens in the world around you, God can be there for you. Though people do not follow God's ways, God is able to take horrible circumstances and bring about His plan anyway. God is ultimately in control over world events. If you are God's, then you can rest on the promise that, "All things work together for good for those who love God and are called according to His purpose."29
Jesus Christ said, "My peace I give to you; not as the world gives, do I give to you. Let not your heart be troubled. In the world you have tribulation, but take courage; I have overcome the world."30 He promises never to fail us or forsake us.31
To grow in your knowledge of God and His will for your life, read the sections Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in the Bible.
HIDING DRIVES
This setting allows you to control which drives are visible in My Computer and Explorer. It is possible to hide all drives or just selected ones.
Open your registry (press win+r and type regedit , hit enter )
goto
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\
CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer]
and find or create the DWORD "NoDrives" there by right clicking on explorer -> NEW -> DWORD value .
The "NoDrives" value uses a 32-bit word to define local and network drive visibility for each logical drive in the computer. The lower 26 bits of the 32-bit word correspond to drive letters A through Z. Drives are visible when set to 0 and hidden when set to 1.
If your not happy working in Hex, add these decimal numbers to hide the drive(s):
A: 1, B: 2, C: 4, D: 8, E: 16, F: 32, G: 64, H: 128, I: 256, J: 512, K: 1024, L: 2048, M: 4096, N: 8192, O: 16384, P: 32768, Q: 65536, R: 131072, S: 262144, T: 524288, U: 1048576, V: 2097152, W: 4194304, X: 8388608, Y: 16777216, Z: 33554432, ALL: 67108863
For example to hide drive A and drive D, you would add 1 (A) + 8 (D) which means the value should be set to "9".
To disable all the drives set the value to "67108863".
Restart Windows for the change to take effect.
Note: These drives will still appear in File Manager, to remove File Manager, delete or rename winfile.exe.
Open your registry (press win+r and type regedit , hit enter )
goto
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\
CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer]
and find or create the DWORD "NoDrives" there by right clicking on explorer -> NEW -> DWORD value .
The "NoDrives" value uses a 32-bit word to define local and network drive visibility for each logical drive in the computer. The lower 26 bits of the 32-bit word correspond to drive letters A through Z. Drives are visible when set to 0 and hidden when set to 1.
If your not happy working in Hex, add these decimal numbers to hide the drive(s):
A: 1, B: 2, C: 4, D: 8, E: 16, F: 32, G: 64, H: 128, I: 256, J: 512, K: 1024, L: 2048, M: 4096, N: 8192, O: 16384, P: 32768, Q: 65536, R: 131072, S: 262144, T: 524288, U: 1048576, V: 2097152, W: 4194304, X: 8388608, Y: 16777216, Z: 33554432, ALL: 67108863
For example to hide drive A and drive D, you would add 1 (A) + 8 (D) which means the value should be set to "9".
To disable all the drives set the value to "67108863".
Restart Windows for the change to take effect.
Note: These drives will still appear in File Manager, to remove File Manager, delete or rename winfile.exe.
Change Yahoo messenger title bar
Change Yahoo messenger title bar
Hey guys you can change the yahoo messenger title bar...
For this just find the folder messenger in the drive in which the messenger is installed. Then search a file named "ymsgr". In this file just go to the end and write the following code:
[APP TITLE]
CAPTION=Red Devil
Here you can write any name in place of Red Devil... then see the fun.... You can have your own name being placed in yahoo messenger title bar.
Cable Modem Hacking Tricks Uncapped Online
When his cable modem service seemed to slow almost to a crawl last spring, Matthew Hallacy did like most people and complained to technical support at his Internet service provider, AT&T Broadband.
But after the sluggish performance persisted for weeks, Hallacy, a Minnesota-based software engineer and networking expert, decided to take matters into his own hands: he hacked his cable modem."Tech support told me it wasn't their fault and the service was going as fast as it could. So I downloaded the specs for the modem off the Web and started poking around to see if that was true," said Hallacy.
It wasn't long before Hallacy, 21, devised a trick for modifying an obscure configuration file used by the service to control the settings in his 3Com cable modem.
A few tweaks later, Hallacy's $50-per-month service, which had been downloading data at a poky 75 kilobits per second (Kbps), was sweetly humming along at much brisker speeds in both directions.
According to Hallacy, he hacked the modem just to prove that AT&T's network management, and not his modem, was the performance bottleneck, and he immediately changed the settings back.
But after successfully testing his technique for friends on other cable modem services - and studying further the specifications for DOCSIS, the standard interface used by most cable modem manufacturers - Hallacy decided he had uncovered a bona fide security vulnerability.
This week, Hallacy submitted a description of his technique to two e-mail discussion lists run by SecurityFocus.com that are read by thousands of computer security aficionados.
Hallacy's message detailed how to trick a DOCSIS-compliant cable modem into divulging its secret configuration file, and how to edit the file's binary data using a free, open-source software program.
According to cable experts, Hallacy's trick is not new, and similar techniques involving what are called TFTP servers have previously been anonymously published on the Web.
But the description by Hallacy may be the most specific ever posted to such a public forum. And experts said his claim that not only AT&T but also some Comcast and Time Warner cable systems are vulnerable, may spur operators to make changes to their networks - or risk similar poking and prodding by other networking gurus.
AT&T Broadband spokesperson Andrew Johnson said the company takes potential security issues seriously but was still investigating Hallacy's report and had no immediate comment on his claims.
In an interview today, Hallacy claimed that changes to the configuration file could do more than just remove the bandwidth caps put in place by cable operators to manage their precious resources.
According to Hallacy, a savvy network programmer could change his configuration file to intercept all data from other users on the attacker's local area or "node".
"I or somebody like me could sit down in front a cable modem on AT&T's network and have something like that running in less than half an hour, and AT&T probably would never notice it," he claimed.
In some instances, the technique could potentially be exploited even to take control of a cable ISP's gateway computers, alter their network routing, and shift large amounts of traffic to a specified destination, Hallacy claimed.
Officials from CableLabs, the nonprofit industry consortium that developed DOCSIS, said the modem standard includes several mechanisms, including something called "shared secret keys," that enable cable operators to prevent users from making the sorts of modifications claimed by Hallacy.
"The problem is real, but it's not because of a flaw in the specification," said Rouzbeh Yassini, a senior CableLabs executive.
"When it's raining, some people decide to walk in the rain without an umbrella," Yassini added, referring to cable operators who may have neglected to configure their networks properly.
According to 3Com spokesperson Kim Sullivan, the big network equipment maker discontinued its consumer cable modem business last summer.
"We currently do not have a product that is affected by the threat" described by Hallacy, she said.
A Motorola representative noted that a forthcoming engineering change from CableLabs will require cable modem vendors to implement a technique for preventing subscribers from changing the modem's config file, and that Motorola intends to implement the change.
Dave Ahmad, moderator of the Bugtraq security mailing list, said he did not immediately approve Hallacy's submission because it described "how to evade (cable operators') service restrictions" and because he was "not sure what the benefit was to the community. Who is at risk if the information is not made public?"
Ahmad posted his comments, along with Hallacy's advisory, in a message Tuesday to the Vuln-Dev list, which published a pared back version of Hallacy's report on Monday.
Hallacy said he debated the morality of publishing his hacking instructions, but finally decided to do so as "a little bit of a smack in cable companies' direction. People are exploiting this. It's one of the reasons there's not enough bandwidth on some nodes, and they need to fix it."
Hallacy's original submission to Bugtraq is at http://online.securityfocus.com/archive/82/261454 .
CableLab's DOCSIS specs are online at http://www.cablemodem.com/specifications.html .
Reported by Newsbytes, http://www.newsbytes.com .
Sunday, July 27, 2008
Preparations on for moon mission
Stacking of the stages of PSLV-C11
under way at Sriharikota
All 11 payloads of the spacecraft integrated fully
PSLV Chandrayaan reaching the moon
CHENNAI: Preparations have begun for the launch of Chandrayaan-1, India?s moon mission, with the stacking of the stages of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C11) under way at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh from July 21. Simultaneously, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, with its 11 payloads from India and abroad, has been assembled fully at the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore. A 32-metre-diameter dish antenna is ready at Byalalu village near Bangalore to track the spacecraft during its 3,84,400 km journey to the moon. If the campaign goes as planned, the PSLV-C11, which is a more powerful version and is called PSLV-XL, will put Chandrayaan-1 in orbit on September 19.
Top officials of the Indian Space Research Organisation said: ?We have started stacking the PSLV at Sriharikota for the Chandrayaan-1 mission. We are now building the first stage. The launch campaign has begun. We are moving the various stages from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in Thiruvananthapuram and the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre at Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu to Sriharikota.?
M. Annadurai, Project Director, Chandrayaan-1, called it ?a national mission with international participation and India as the captain.? He said from Bangalore, ?All the 11 payloads of the spacecraft have been integrated fully. The next milestone is to go for the thermo-vacuum tests.? These entail the creation of space-like vacuum in a big chamber at the ISAC. Mr. Annadurai said: ?The fully integrated Chandrayaan-1 will be subjected to tests in the vacuum-like space environment. It will go through tests in minus 120 degrees Celsius and searing hot temperatures.?
After the thermo-vaccum tests, it would go through vibration tests to test its integrity. The spacecraft would later be moved to Sriharikota, he said.
The PSLV-XL is a more powerful vehicle than the normal PSLV. It is suffixed with XL because its strap-on booster motors are extra long.
S. Ramakrishnan, Director (Projects), VSSC, said: ?A PSLV has six strap-on motors. A normal strap-on will use nine tonnes of solid propellants. But XL will have 12 tonnes of propellants in each strap-on. We have also extended the length of the strap-ons from ten metres to 13.5 metres. That is why it is called XL ? extra long.?
The PSLV-XL is a four-stage vehicle with a weight of 316 tonnes and a height of 44.4 metres. Chandrayaan-1 will weigh 1,304 kg on the earth but 590 kg when it orbits the moon at an altitude of 100 km.
The PSLV-XL would put Chandrayaan-1 in a long, elliptical orbit with an apogee of 22,000 km and a perigee of 200 km.
Mr. Ramakrishnan explained how Chandrayaan-1 would reach the moon from this transfer orbit: ?You fire the apogee kick motor [on board the spacecraft] to extend the ellipsis from 22,000 km to about half a million km. That is how it reaches the vicinity of the moon. Once it nears the moon, Chandrayaan-1?s velocity is reduced by rotating the spacecraft in the opposite direction. It is called retro-firing. Its velocity is reduced so that the moon?s gravity will capture Chandrayaan-1 and it will be in moon?s orbit.?
From an altitude of 100 km above the moon?s surface, Chandrayaan-1?s payloads will be used to investigate the moon?s minerals and chemical properties, detect the presence of water, if any, on the lunar surface, map the moon?s surface and look for clues on its origin and evolution.
One of Chandrayaan-1 payloads called Moon Impact Probe (MIP) will be ejected after the spacecraft reaches the lunar orbit.
Shock and awe in Ahmedabad on Black Saturday
A distraught relative of a blast victim.
A bomb disposal expert scans a suspicious-looking object.
Vehicles in flames after the blasts.
A victim being given emergency aid.
Combating global warming could cost upto $3 trillion:Expert
Mumbai (PTI): The combating of global warming could cost upto a whopping USD three trillion. However, given that the GDP of the world today is over USD 65 trillion , the amount is affordable, a top expert on global warming has said.
Shailesh Haribhakti, Chairman of industry body Indian Merchant Chambers' committee on 'Combating global warming' in a note said there are various estimates made on what might be the cost of achieving the 2050 target of 450 parts per million of CO2. These estimates range from USD three billion to USD three trillion.
He, however, pointed out the world's GDP today is over USD 65 trillion per annum on purchasing power parity basis.
"In the context of the threat to survival of the earth, even the upper end of the estimate is affordable seen against the global GDP and therefore must be spent," he observed.
Embedded chips used as trigger in Bangalore blasts
IEDs could have caused high intensity blasts
Investigations on the right track: Commissioner
Sukumaran, an official of the bomb disposal squad, who defused the bomb planted near Forum Mall.
BANGALORE: Even as the Bangalore police are trying to ascertain the people behind the serial blasts which rattled the city on Friday, investigation has revealed that embedded chips were used as a timer to trigger all the explosions.
Police on Saturday defused a live improvised explosive device (IED) at Koramangala in the city?s IT corridor and subsequently found that all the IEDs, which exploded on Friday, were planted at least three days in advance.
Bangalore Police Commissioner Shankar M. Bidari told The Hindu that in the other recent explosions in different parts of the country cell phones were used as trigger.
An embedded chip can be programmed like a digital clock and it produces a fuse pulse that triggers the detonation.
?The IEDs had sufficient explosive material which could have caused high intensity blasts. We are trying to find out scientifically what reduced the impact of the explosion,? he said.
Mr. Bidari said investigations were on the right track but it would take time to confirm who masterminded and executed the blasts, in which a woman was killed and nine were injured.
He was tight-lipped to a query on whether any terrorist group was involved.
Live explosiveIt was Rajamani, running a tea stall on the pavements on Audugodi Road in Koramangala, who alerted the traffic policemen on duty around 9.45 a.m. that a bomb-like object was seen near his shop. The policemen found two wires protruding out of a cement flowerpot-like object.
Not properly connectedBomb Disposal Squad personnel defused the IED. The ?flower pot? contained a plastic tin containing ammonium nitrate slurry, nuts and blots and cement chips.
The explosive did not detonate as the circuits were not properly connected, the police said.
Rajamani told the police that he found the pot behind the Hosur Road checkpost bus stop, close to his shop, on Wednesday night.
Hoping that he could use it as a stool, he picked the pot and placed it next to a few kerbstones near his shop, the police said.
?Indian Mujahideen? claims responsibility
NEW DELHI: In a 14-page manifesto e-mailed to the media minutes before Saturday?s serial bombings, an organisation calling itself the ?Indian Mujahideen? has claimed responsibility for the Ahmedabad attacks.
Titled ?The Rise of Jihad?, the manifesto says the bombings were carried out to avenge the 2002 anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat. ?In the light of the injustice and wrongs on the Muslims of Gujarat,? it says, ?we advance our jihad and call all our brethren under it to unite and answer these irresolute kafireen [infidels] of India.?
It warns of future attacks, complaining that the police ?disturbed us by arresting, imprisoning, and torturing our brothers in the name of SIMI [Students Islamic Movement of India].?
In a similar document sent minutes before May?s serial bomb strikes in Jaipur, the IM had said such bombings were intended ?to clearly give our message to Kuffar-e-Hind [the infidels of India] that if Islam and Muslims in this country are not safe then the light of your safety will also go off very soon.?
Near-identical language had been earlier used by the IM in a document e-mailed to television stations minutes before the bombing of three trial-court buildings in Uttar Pradesh last year. In its e-mail, the IM said it was retaliating against ?wounds given by the idol worshipers of India.?
Investigators belive the IM is a loose coalition of elements from the Students Islamic Movement of India, the Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Harkat ul-Jihad-e-Islami.
Police were able to determine that the explosive used in the Uttar Pradesh bombings was supplied by a Jammu and Kashmir-based Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami unit. Jaunpur-based SIMI activist Mohammad Khalid Mujahid and Azamgarh Unani doctor Mohammad Tariq were held for their alleged role in planning two of the three court bombings, However, the members of the third cell, who are also thought to have sent out the e-mail, remain untraced.
While military-grade plastic explosive was used in Jaipur and Uttar Pradesh, the bombs used in Ahmedabad appear to have been constructed with ammonium nitrate, a widely-available chemical with a range of industrial applications. Police sources said the bombs resembled the devices used in Bangalore on Friday.
17 BLASTS ROCK AHMEDABAD
40 killed, 100 injured in terror strikes; human bomb attack suspected near hospital trauma centre
WAVES OF ATTACKS: Two victims of a bomb explosion in Ahmedabad on Saturday.
A site of devastation in the city.
WAVES OF ATTACKS: Two victims of a bomb explosion in Ahmedabad on Saturday.
AHMEDABAD: Forty people were killed and over 100 injured when serial blasts struck different parts of Ahmedabad, Gujarat?s major commercial nerve centre, on Saturday evening. The State capital was plunged into chaos for hours after the terror attacks.
As the number of the dead and injured kept rising, police could not confirm the final tally till late in the evening. Chief Minister Narendra Modi, after an emergency Cabinet meeting, said 29 people died and over 100 were injured. Both he and Urban Development Minister Nitin Patel, who visited some of the affected areas, did not rule out the possibility of the casualties going up. For, the condition of many of the injured was critical.
Unconfirmed reports said the worst attack occurred near the trauma centre of the government civil hospital, where at least 25 people, including two doctors, were killed. Some eyewitness accounts claimed that it was a ?human bomb? attack. The body was said to have been shattered but the incident was not confirmed by the police, who put the casualties in the hospital attack at not fewer than six.
The reports pieced together by the police indicated 17 blasts in 10 different areas and all, except the minority-dominated Sarkhej and Juhapura, were in the labour-dominated eastern parts of the old city. Most of the blasts occurred in crowded and congested areas during peak evening hour traffic.
About 40 minutes after the first round of blasts, bombs went off near the trauma centre of the civil hospital and the main portico of the L.G. General Hospital in Maninagar, even as the injured were being rushed to the hospitals.
A site of devastation in the city.
The first blast was reported from the Hatkeshwar locality in the Maninagar area at 6.38 p.m.
Thereafter bombs went off at 10 other places, all within the next five to seven minutes. About an hour later, three more blasts were reported from Maninagar and surrounding areas. Police said the injured were admitted to different hospitals in the city.
?Sleeper cell?Police see the hand of the ?sleeper cell? of the SIMI in the carnage.
Similar to the Jaipur blasts, the bombs were planted on cycles, but unlike as in the Rajasthan capital, only old cycles were used here, apparently to avoid being identified.
The preliminary reports from the sites indicated that gelatin rods in tiffin boxes or in cloth bags with timers and tied to cycles were left behind in crowded areas, possibly minutes before the blasts. A couple of vegetable vendors, admitted to hospital with injuries, claimed to have seen a person leaving behind a cycle before the blast.
Most of the blasts occurred in crowded and congested points like traffic circles, near a Hanuman temple where a large number of devotees turn out on Saturdays or near bus stops.
Within minutes after the Hatkeshwar blast, bombs serially kept going off near the Sardar Patel diamond market in Bapunagar, Narol, Ishanpur, Saraspur, Sarangpur, Raipur, Sarkhej, Juhaapura and later at the civil and L. G. hospitals.
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
A simple laser communicator.
How would you like to talk over a laser beam? In about 15 minutes you can set up your own laser communication system, using cheap laser pen pointers and a few parts from Radio Shack.
For the transmitter you will need:
- A laser pen pointer. You can get one for $10 from our catalog.
- A battery holder that holds the same number of batteries as the laser pointer (often 3 cells). The batteries can be any size, but they must be the same voltage as the laser batteries. You may need to get one that holds two cells, and another that holds one cell, and wire them together in series. Radio Shack has a decent selection.
- A transistor radio. Later we will use a microphone and an amplifier (Radio Shack #33-1067 and #277-1008), but at first we will send your favorite radio station over the laser beam.
- An earphone jack that will fit your transistor radio (Radio Shack #42-2434).
- A transformer of the type known as an audio output transformer. It consists of an 8 ohm coil and a 1000 ohm coil. The one I used is the Radio Shack #273-1380. We now carry them in our catalog.
- Some clip leads (wires with alligator clips on the ends) to put it all together. At least one of the clip leads should be the type with a long slender point (Radio Shack #278-016, #270-372, or #270-334), to connect to the inside of the laser pointer. You can substitute regular wire and solder if you like, but the clip leads are fast and simple. Radio Shack has a wide selection of clip leads (such as ##270-378).
- A two-lead bicolor light emitting diode, to protect the laser from high voltage spikes.
For the receiver you will need:
- A small solar cell (such as Radio Shack #276-124). You may have to solder your own wires to it if it doesn't come with wires attached.
- A microphone jack that will fit the phono input of your stereo (Radio Shack #42-2434 or ##42-2457). Instead of a stereo, you can use the small amplifiers that Radio Shack sells (#277-1008).
It may be hard to find a battery holder that holds three batteries. You can use two battery holders (one that holds two batteries, and one that holds a single battery) and connect them in series.
Remove any batteries from the laser.
Connect a clip lead to the inside of the laser pointer where the battery touched. Usually there is a small spring to which you can attach the clip lead. The other end of the battery usually connects to the case of the laser. Since there are many different styles of laser pointer, you may have to experiment with clip lead placement to get the laser to work with the new external battery pack. You may also have to hold down the laser's push button switch by wrapping a rubber band or some wire around it. Test the connection before you attach the transformer, to make sure the laser works with the new battery pack. If it doesn't light, try reversing the battery. Battery reversal will not harm the laser.
Connect the 1,000 ohm side of the transformer between the battery and the laser. The 1,000 ohm side of the transformer has three wires coming from it. We only use the outside two wires. The inside wire is called a center tap and we do not use it in this circuit.
Connect the bicolor light emitting diode to the two outside wires of the transformer on the 1,000 ohm side. We are using this part (the bicolor LED) as a protection device to prevent the laser from getting high voltage spikes from the transformer. We didn't need to do this with the old-style lasers that had protection circuits built into them, but there are a lot of lasers being sold lately that have no protection, and need the bicolor LED to absorb any extra high voltage the transformer may produce when it is connected or disconnected. If you see the LED flash when you connect the battery, you will be seeing it absorb a high voltage spike that might have otherwise damaged the laser.
Test the laser by attaching the battery. The laser should operate normally at this point.
Connect the earphone jack to the 8 ohm side of the transformer. The schematic of the transmitter looks like this:
The transformer modulates the power going to the laser. The signal from the radio is added to and subtracted from the battery power, and the laser gets brighter and dimmer along with the volume of the music or voice in the signal.
The receiver is the simplest part. You simply connect the solar cell to the microphone jack, and plug it into the amplifier or stereo phono input. It does not matter which way the wires are connected to the solar cell.
Here is the schematic of the receiver:
Setup and testing
Make sure the transistor radio is turned off, and the laser is on. Plug the earphone jack of the laser into the earphone socket of the radio.
Connect the solar cell to the amplifier or stereo, and turn the volume up until you hear a hissing noise, then turn it down slightly until the hiss isn't noticeable. The volume control should be fairly high, corresponding to an ear splitting level if it was playing music.
Aim the laser across the room so it hits the solar cell. You might hear clicks or pops coming from the stereo or amplifier as the laser beam passes over the solar cell. This indicates that everything is working fine at this point.
Click on photo for larger picture
Now carefully turn on the radio and slowly adjust the volume until you hear the radio station voices or music coming from the amplifier across the room. The radio should be just audible if the earphone jack is pulled out, not loud. If you can't hear the sound from the amplifier across the room, make sure the laser is shining on the solar cell, then try increasing the volume of the amplifier before you increase the volume of the radio.
At this point you should be hearing the radio station coming in loud and clear in the amplifier across the room. Put your hand in front of the laser beam to break the connection, and notice that the music stops. Wiggle your fingers in the beam and listen to the music get chopped up by your fingers. Your laser communicator is ready for the next step.
To send your voice over the laser beam, you simply replace the transistor radio with a microphone and amplifier. Radio Shack sells small amplifiers (about the same size as the transistor radio) that have sockets for microphones and earphones. You can also use another stereo system, but be very careful with the volume control to prevent damage to the laser.
Using a disassembled laser pointer.
For this project we have removed the laser assembly from a small $10.00 laser pointer. The power supply circuit is the green board attached to the brass laser head. We carry similar laser pointers in our catalog that are easily disassembled for this project.
The laser below has voltage spike protection on the circuit board. The one you get may not have this, and so you will want to put a bicolor LED across the transformer like we did in the previous version.
The power supply circuit came conveniently marked with a plus and a minus next to two holes in the board. We solder the black negative lead from the battery clip to the hole marked minus. We solder one of the 1000 ohm coil leads to the hole marked plus. We solder the red positive lead of the battery clip to the other lead from the 1000 ohm coil.
The battery clip is attached to a 4.5 volt battery pack (not a 9 volt battery!). Since I didn't have a pack that takes 3 cells, I used one that takes 4 AA batteries, and I replaced one of the four batteries with a straight piece of bare wire.
That's it! We have a laser transmitter, in just a few minutes!
A new receiver
The solar cell receiver has some drawbacks. It is expensive (solar cells are a few dollars each), and fragile.
A cheaper, sturdier alternative is to use a cadmium sulphide photoresistor instead of the silicon photocell.
A cadmium sulphide photoresistor is shown below (magnified many times). It does not produce electricity from light the way the solar cell did. Instead, the light that falls on it changes its resistance to electricity.
If we connect a battery and a photoresistor together, they can act like the solar cell. As the intensity of the light changes, the amount of electricity output changes in response.
The new receiver is very simple, and looks like this:
Super simple receivers
Using a super sensitive piezoelectric earphone (see our catalog), you can make a laser voice receiver that doesn't need any expensive amplifiers or power source. Just connect it to a small solar cell, as shown below:
Click on photo for larger picture
Also in our catalog, we have tiny silicon solar cells that you can attach to a piezoelectric earphone with simple transparent tape, instead of soldering (which can be difficult to do on silicon solar cells).
Click on photo for larger picture
If a solar cell is too expensive or fragile, a cadmium-sulfide photoresistor can also be used. The earphone wires are connected across the photoresistor, and the battery is also connected across the same wires. The battery, the earphone, and the photoresistor are in parallel. A 220 ohm resistor is placed in series with the battery, to reduce power consumption, and prevent heating of the photoresistor.
Click on photo for larger picture
Either of these earphone approaches has the nice feature of making the communication private. Only you can hear what is coming over the secret laser link.
How does it do that?
In all of the laser communicators on this page, the laser light is amplitude modulated. This simply means that the amount of light the laser emits varies over time.
To understand what is going on, it helps to consider how a loudspeaker makes sound. A loudspeaker is a paper cone attached to a coil of wire that sits in a magnetic field from a strong permanent magnet.
When an electric current flows in the loudspeaker coil, the coil becomes an electromagnet, and it moves toward or away from the permanent magnet. As it moves, the paper cone pushes on the air around it, compressing the air in front of it, and expanding the air behind it. Waves of compressed and expanded air travel to your ear, and cause your eardrum to move in time to the movements of the paper cone.
The laser communicator adds two components to the loudspeaker concept. We take the electrical signal that goes to the loudspeaker, and connect it instead to the laser, so the laser gets brighter and dimmer as the electric current varies. The second component is the receiver, which converts the light back into an electric current. This current varies in time with the first current, because the amount of light that it receives is varying in time.
This second electric current is used to move the paper cone of a loudspeaker, just as before. However, now the loudspeaker can be quite a distance away from the original electric current, without any wires connecting the two.
Building a computer controlled radio transmitter
Building a computer controlled radio transmitter
How would you like to send text messages to your friends without wires, and without an Internet connection, and without paying monthly fees?
In this project we will build a very simple radio transmitter that you attach to a serial port on your computer. The computer then runs a free program that converts words you type into radio signals that are decoded by another computer, using a cheap radio receiver, and a sound card.
With a little study, you don't even need the second computer, since the radio signals are in Morse code, which anyone can learn to decode in their head with a little practice. It also comes in handy as a secret language, or as a way to send long distance messages with a pocket mirror.
The computer controlled transmitter needs these parts: (We carry most of the necessary parts in our catalog.)
- A one megahertz oscillator
You can use other frequencies if you have a radio that can receive them. We carry this item in our catalog. - A serial port connector
We use a 9 pin RS232 connector. You can take apart an old serial cable, or buy a new connector from an electronics or computer store. We carry this item in our catalog. - Some insulated wire for an antenna
Just about any kind of wire will do, the longer the better. - An alligator test lead
This is a piece of wire with alligator clips at each end. We carry this item in our catalog.
For our first transmitter, we will connect the parts with alligator clips. This lets us quickly change frequencies by replacing the 1 megahertz oscillator with an oscillator with a different frequency. Later we will show a version made with a socket for the oscillator, a printed circuit board, and a light emitting diode that flashes morse code along with the oscillator.
The first step is to cut the test lead in half. In these photos I have cut two test leads, one red and one black, to make it easier to see where the connections go. But unless you are making two transmitters (your friend wants to send messages back, doesn't she?) you can just use one test lead (cut into two pieces).
Remove a little insulation from the cut ends of the wire, and solder one of the cut ends to pin 5 and the other to pin 4.
Pin 5 of the serial port connector (the black wire in the photo) connects to the ground pin of the oscillator. Pin 4 of the serial port connector goes to the power pin of the oscillator. The drawing shows the transmitter from the top (pins pointing down). The photo below shows the oscillator upside down, with the pins facing up.
The green alligator clip attaches to the antenna, which can be any long wire. It is attached to the output pin of the oscillator. The remaining pin of the oscillator (the one nearest the sharp corner) is not used.
Your Computer Controlled Transmitter is now complete!
Controlling the transmitter
To send a message, we now need a computer program that can convert what we type into Morse code, and turn the oscillator on and off in the short and long pulses (dots and dashes) that are required.A program to do that (for the Windows operating system) can be downloaded by clicking here. Save the ZIP file on your computer, use a ZIP file decompressor to unpack it, and then double-click on the resulting MorseCode.exe to start running it.
Once the program is running, you will see a window like the one above. Type something in the window (such as "Hello there!") and then select the Transmit item in the Radio menu. Your transmitter is now sending your message.
To receive the message, it helps to also select the Repeat Message menu item (as we did in the screen shot shown above). This will make the transmitter send the message over and over again, so we can more easily hunt for the signal on an AM radio dial.
We want to tune the AM radio to 1,000 kilohertz. If your radio has a numeric tuning indicator, this is easy. If the radio only has a dial with a few numbers on it, you will have to hunt around, tuning it until you hear clear morse code coming from the speaker. It helps at this point to have the AM radio close to the transmitter's antenna.
You can select how fast the message is sent by using the Speed menu.
You can control which serial port to use through the Com Port menu.
The Radio menu has three selections we have not discussed yet. The AM Low Tone selection sets the tone you hear in the AM radio to 500 hertz. The AM High Tone selection sets the tone to 1,000 hertz. The CW selection is only for short-wave radios that have an SSB or CW mode. This selection does not modulate the radio signal, so an AM radio will just hear clicks. This selection allows the signal to be heard farther away, but requires a more expensive short-wave receiver. I have used the Grundig YB 400PE radio with great success. It usually sells for about $150.00.
If you are a computer programmer, and would like to look at the source code for this program, you can download it here. There is also a much simpler, command-line version of the program here.
Receiving the code with a computer
Until you have learned to decipher Morse code in your head, you will want to have a computer do it for you.
There are many free programs floating around the Web that will do this for you. One such program can be downloaded here. I won't go into its operation (since I didn't write it), but it has a Help menu, and it is fairly straightforward to use. You will need an audio cable to connect the radio's earphone jack to the computer's sound card input jack, but that is all the hardware required.
You can see it working in the screen shot above, decoding our endless loop of "hello there".
How does it do that?
Most of the important concepts for this project have been covered in other sections of this chapter.
The computer provides power to the oscillator through the DTR pin of the serial port. The program turns the DTR signal on and off, which causes the oscillator to turn on and off in return.
To make the signal audible in a cheap AM radio, the computer turns the power to the oscillator on and off 1,000 times per second while sending the dots and dashes of the code, and leaves it off in between the dots or dashes. This modulates the radio signal at a frequency your ears can hear. In AM Low Tone the audio frequency is 500 times per second.
In the CW mode (CW stands for Continuous Wave), the computer does not modulate the radio signal. It just turns on the oscillator long enough for the dot or dash to be sent. In this case, the receiver does the work of converting the signal into an audible tone your ears can hear, by using a circuit called a beat frequency oscillator. Your short-wave radio may have a switch labelled BFO, or SSB, or CW that allows this circuit to operate.
Some nicer packaging
The computer program turns on DTR and also another signal called RTS, while sending the dots and dashes. In the version of the transmitter shown below, we have mounted a 14 pin socket to a general purpose circuit board from Radio Shack, and plugged the oscillator into that. A blue light emitting diode is connected to the RTS pin of the serial port connector (pin 7). The LED flashes Morse code along with the oscillator, making an eye-catching project.
The serial port connector is wedged onto the printed circuit board by placing the board between the pins.
The wires that connect the serial port connector to the oscillator and the LED also serve to hold the connector onto the printed circuit board.
The antenna in this case is a 6 inch long wire. In CW mode, this wire is all that is needed to receive the signal anywhere in the house. A longer antenna will allow the whole block to receive the signal.
By replacing the 1 megahertz oscillator with a 28.322 megahertz oscillator, and connecting the transmitter to a large amateur radio antenna (10 meter beam), I was able to send signals from California to Texas. To do that, you will want to get an amateur radio license.
Build A digital thermometer
A digital thermometer
With the easy availability of inexpensive digital multimeters, and integrated circuit temperature sensors, it is now very easy to build a sensitive and accurate digital thermometer that can be used for many experiments around the house or in the amateur laboratory.
There are two tenperature sensors that make this particulary easy -- the LM34 and the LM35. These are callibrated in Fahrenheit and Celsius respectively, and when read by the meter, they produce ten millivolts per degree in their respective scales, so the meter can be directly read in temperatures, down to a tenth of a degree.
The digital thermometer needs these parts:
- A multimeter. We chose a digital multimeter for accuracy and easy reading.
- An LM34 integrated circuit temperature sensor for Fahrenheit.
- An LM35 integrated circuit temperature sensor for Celsius.
- A 180,000 ohm resistor
This resistor will have four colored bands on it. The colors will be brown, gray, yellow, and gold. - A nine volt battery
- A nine volt battery clip
- Two alligator test leads
- Three long wires (optional)
- Electrical tape or heat shrinkable tubing (optional)
We carry all the parts for the digital thermometer (except the battery and optional parts) in our catalog.
Click on photo for a larger picture
Shown above is a multimeter, set to read 0 to 2,000 millivolts (zero to two volts). Note that the dial switch is set to "2000 m".
It is currently reading 791 millivolts, which corresponds to 79.1 degrees Fahrenheit (since it is connected to the LM34 sensor).
Click on photo for a larger picture
Above, we have placed an LM35 sensor on top of an ice cube, and the pool of water melted from the ice is reading 8.9 degrees Celsius. For this experiment we have simply connected alligator clips to two of the leads of the sensor, and wrapped the third lead with the red wire from the battery clip. No soldering, nothing fancy, and we have a digital thermometer in the time it takes to unwrap the meter and clip on the test leads.
Click on photo for a larger picture
For a more permanent thermometer, we solder three long wires (about 5 feet is nice) to the three leads of an LM34 Fahrenheit sensor. Use three different colors, and note which ones are attached to which leads. We put a little electrical tape around the middle lead so it won't touch the other two, and then wrap the whole thing in electrical tape, or in this case, put it into a short length of heat shrinkable tubing, and warm it up so the tubing shrinks tightly around the whole assembly.
We made the wires long so that we can measure things inside boxes or behind doors. Five feet makes it easy to place the sensor end in the refrigerator or freezer, and have the meter stay outside where it is easy to measure. This arrangement is great for incubators for eggs, and terrariums, or (with proper waterproofing) aquariums.
Click on photo for a larger picture
At the other end of the long wires, we connect the battery clip and the resistor. Note that the wire colors help ensure that the right connections are made. In our case, the red wire from the battery clip is soldered to the brown and white striped wire, and the black wire from the battery clip is soldered to the brown wire. The brown wire is wrapped around one end of the resistor, and the blue wire is wrapped around the other end of the resistor. We can solder them later if we wish.
Click on photo for a larger picture
In the photo above you can see how the heat shrinkable tubing makes a nice neat temperature probe, with only the top of the sensor peeking out of the shrunken tube.
The alligator test leads are attached to the resistor, and the other ends are clipped onto the meter probes, as shown in the photo below.
Click on photo for a larger picture
How does it do that?
The internal workings and theory of the LM34 integrated circuit temperature sensor is explained in minute detail by the manufacturer.
Click on drawing for a larger picture
The circuit diagram is shown above. Briefly, there are two transistors in the center of the drawing. One has ten times the emitter area of the other. This means it has one tenth of the current density, since the same current is going through both transistors. This causes a voltage across the resistor R1 that is proportional to the absolute temperature, and is almost linear across the range we care about. The "almost" part is taken care of by a special circuit that straightens out the slightly curved graph of voltage versus temperature.
The amplifier at the top ensures that the voltage at the base of the left transistor (Q1) is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) by comparing the output of the two transistors.
The amplifer at the right converts absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin) into either Fahrenheit or Celsius, depending on the part (LM34 or LM35). The little circle with the "i" in it is a constant current source circuit.
The two resistors are calibrated in the factory to produce a highly accurate temperature sensor.
The integrated circuit has many transistors in it -- two in the middle, some in each amplifier, some in the constant current source, and some in the curvature compensation circuit. All of that is fit into the tiny package with three leads.
Lego NXT Rubik Cube Solver
The most impressive part of this Lego NXT Rubik Cube Solver is that the NXT module does the computing that solves the cube! I wouldn’t have thought that would have been possible without having a PC do the calculations.
Video after the jump.
"Tilted Twister solves Rubik’s cube fully automatically. Just place the scrambled cube on Tilted Twister’s turntable. An ultrasonic sensor detects its presence and starts to read the colors of the cube faces using a light sensor. The robot turns and tilts the cube in order to read all the faces of the cube. It then calculates a solution and executes the moves by turning, tilting and twisting the cube."
Protect Your Home with Laserbeams!
Here is an easy to make and powerful laser alarm system that can protect your entire home, indoors or out! My inspiration for this project came from Brad Graham & Kathy McGowan. Watch the video for details and the Test Results. You'll be impressed. I hope you enjoy this Instructable.
step 1What you need...
1. 2 small project boxes
2. 1 1000uF 35v Capacitor
3. 1 5K Variable Resistor
4. Photocell
5. IC Board
6. 9v battery and clip
7. 1 N3904 Transistor
8. Toggle switch
9. Small mirrors
10. HandiTak
11. 12v DC Piezo Siren - 102dB
12. Aixiz 650nm 5mw 12X30mm laser
13. Aixiz 3.2v AC Adapter
2. 1 1000uF 35v Capacitor
3. 1 5K Variable Resistor
4. Photocell
5. IC Board
6. 9v battery and clip
7. 1 N3904 Transistor
8. Toggle switch
9. Small mirrors
10. HandiTak
11. 12v DC Piezo Siren - 102dB
12. Aixiz 650nm 5mw 12X30mm laser
13. Aixiz 3.2v AC Adapter
step 2Build the Circuit
Build the circuit based on the diagram. I cut my IC board with a dremel to make it smaller so there was enough room in the box along with the 9 v battery.
step 3Install it...
Install the circuit board and the 9v battery in the hobby box. Line up the photocell at the hole and hot glue everything in place. Also, attach the siren and run the wiring inside the box. Finish your solder connections with the siren.
step 4Build the Laser Housing
Cut 3 holes in your second hobby box. One for the switch, one for the laser housing and one small one for the wires from the AC Adapter. Run the wires from the AC adapter in the box. Install the swicth and hot glue the laser in place. Wire the positive end of the AC adapter to the red wire from the laser and wire the negative ends of the laser and adapter to the switch.
step 5Tweaking...
Turn on the laser and point it at the photocell box. You will have to adjust the resistor so the photocell is sensitive to the laser pointing at it during the day. At night, when the laserbeam is broken, the siren will sound.
step 6Mount the laser system
Decide where you want your protection, across what doorways and then decide on where you want the laser to plug in and where you want the photocell box to pick up the laser. I used 1" square mirrors (from an arts and crafts store) and HandiTak to mount the mirrors. You could use a more permanent solution for the mirrors. The idea is to angle all the mirrors to the next wall across where you want protection and then have it end up pointing at the photocell.
step 7Protection ON
Now when it gets dark and the laserbeam is broken, the LOUD 102dB siren will wail! Hope you enjoy this Instructable!
Laser Flashlight Hack!! ******
introLaser Flashlight Hack!!
Turn a MiniMag flashlight into a powerful DVD laser pointer! This 245mw laser is powerful and fits real cozy in a MiniMag! See the video at the end for the Test Results! NOTE: This Instructable WILL NOT WORK with any CD burner/player diodes or DVD player diodes!Disclaimer: CAUTION! As you know...lasers can be dangerous. Never point them at any living object!T his is not a toy, and this should not be used like a conventional laser pointer. In other words, don't use it in presentations, or to play with pets, or allow children to use it. It should only be operated by responsible persons who understand and respect the potential laser safety hazards.
step 1What you need...
You will need the following items:
1. 16X DVD Burner. I used an LG burner I had as a spare.
1. 16X DVD Burner. I used an LG burner I had as a spare.
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istep 2And...
2. A MiniMag flashlight easily obtained at your local hardware, sporting goods or home improvement store.
3. An AixiZ Laser Module obtained from AixiZ($4.50)
4. Small jewelers screwdrivers, X-Acto knife, metal snips, drill, round file and other small tools.
3. An AixiZ Laser Module obtained from AixiZ($4.50)
4. Small jewelers screwdrivers, X-Acto knife, metal snips, drill, round file and other small tools.
image not found
istep 3Extract the DVD Laser Diode
After removing all of the screws from the DVD burner, remove the cover and the DVD drawer. This will expose the laser carriage assembly.
step 4Extract the Laser Diode..
While all DVD burners are a bit different, they all rely on 2 rails that the laser assembly moves on. Remove all screws and do whatever it takes to free up the rails so the laser assembly slides off. Disconnect or cut and cabling and flat connectors.
step 5Continue extraction...
Once you have the assembly off of the burner it's time to start disassembling it by removing all the screws you see. There will be many small screws so be patient. Cut any flat cabling off. There could be two diodes, one for the CD portion of the burner (IR diode) and the actual DVD burning diode (red). That is the one you want. There will be a 3-pin circuit board on the red diode that you want to CAREFULLY remove with a soldering iron revealing 3 pins. You can test the diode with 2-AA batteries and referring to the polarity chart (on the video). You will have to remove the diode from the housing and that will be in a case-by-case basis depending on the burner. The laser diode is fragile so take care in the final extraction process.
step 6The new DVD Laser Diode!
Here is what your extracting diode will look like!
step 7Preparing the AixiZ housing...
Remove the label from the AixiZ housing and unscrew the housing leaving a top and bottom portion of the housing. Inside the top housing is the original (5mw) laser diode that has to be removed. I used the bottom of an X-Acto knife and with a couple of sharp taps, the original diode will come out. It will likely be destroyed doing this but I have been successful in removing them before but using a very small screwdriver and tapping around the diode until it is freed up.
step 8Assembling the housing...
I used a little bit of Arctic Silver Thermal grease and slowly installed the new DVD diode in the AixiZ housing. Using a pair of pliers, I SLOWLY squeezed the edges of the diode down into the housing until it was flush. CAREFUL!
step 9Installing it in your MiniMag!
After soldering two leads to the positive and negative diode connectors, it's time to install it in the MiniMag. After disassembling the MiniMag (remove the top, the reflector, lens and bulb) you will need to enlarge the MiniMag reflector using a reaming tool, round metal file or drill or a combination of all three.
step 10Final Step!!
Be sure to remove the batteries from the MiniMag and after checking polarity, slip your new DVD Laser housing down into the top of the MiniMag where the bulb would go. Screw the top of the MiniMag on and slip the reflector over the Laser housing. You will not be using the plastic MiniMag lens.
step 11Test it out!!
Reinstall the 2-AA batteries and slowly unscrew the top of the MiniMag, turning on your new Laser Flashlight! Caution!! Laser diodes are dangerous and should never be pointed at any living thing. Thanks and I hope you enjoyed this Instructable!
What if Your Address is changed by Credit Card Hackers?
Some credit card hackers pose as you and change the address of delivery of your credit card report. That way you will not find out any possible charges until is too late. If your credit card report doesn't arrive in time, call the bank and the postal office and ask them what the address that is registered in their database is. Additionally, hacking credit reports is a simple but useful way to learn more about a determined user.
Another sign is if you find strange consumptions in your credit card report, specially those with strange names that you don't recognize.
The last sign is if you want to use your credit card and the store reports you that don't have credit line to do the transaction. If you are up to date in your consumptions and know that you had enough credit to make the buy, then something is wrong.
Through this procedure, credit card number hacking is starting to suffer the weight of justice. In different countries, authorities have started to find and arrest these hackers. One of the most known cases occurred only a couple of months ago, when a criminal organization in New Jersey that was dedicated to credit card hacking was dissolved. Although it's taking some time, the law is starting to impose its force.
What Are the Signs That Let You Know That Your Finances Are Compromised
The first sign is if a bank official calls you and asks about charges to your credit card that you don't remember, specially if they are from vendors in another country or websites that you don't access.Another sign is if you find strange consumptions in your credit card report, specially those with strange names that you don't recognize.
How to Report a Credit Card Hacker and How to Stop Them
If you find someone who is using his website looking to hack a credit card number, report him to the host provider that it is giving him the service. The host provider will immediately contact the authorities and cancel the hosting service to the hacker.Through this procedure, credit card number hacking is starting to suffer the weight of justice. In different countries, authorities have started to find and arrest these hackers. One of the most known cases occurred only a couple of months ago, when a criminal organization in New Jersey that was dedicated to credit card hacking was dissolved. Although it's taking some time, the law is starting to impose its force.
Credit Card Hackers Are Here - Have You Checked Your Credit Report Lately?
Credit card hacking has become one of the new security headaches of consumers. Although in face to face transactions the percentage of credit card fraud is almost a tenth of a percent, in online transactions it's as high as two or three percent. That means that for every one hundred transactions you may do in the internet, you may suffer two or three breaches in your private information. Stopping credit card number hacking is, nowadays, one of the priorities of credit card brands around the world.
One funny thing about many of these hackers; free credit card numbers are posted at the internet. Some of them don't want the potential money that can be acquired from this information, only the fame.
If the user is not aware of this kind of fraud, he will insert his credit card number, his name and expiration date without knowing he is going to be a victim of an online crime.
Another way for hacking credit card numbers is through a website. The hacker only needs to hack the systems of an online retailer, let's say, Costco, and search for the database where the retailer stores the information of all of the users who have made recent transactions.
The third way is through the online process of buying. Let's say an adult finds a website with adult content that he or she finds attractive. It's quite probable that the website is only a masquerade for acquiring credit card information from you.
In the physical world, a carder will steal the information from a user while doing a face to face transaction. The criminal only needs to pass the card through a special scanner. This device will read from the magnetic strip all of the credit card information. Afterwards, the carder will trespass that information to a blank card available in many identity card stores.
In the virtual world, credit card hacking is a bit more sophisticated and automatized. A hacker could install inside your system a credit card hacking software known as Bugbear. This program is a keystroke logger; it captures the keys that you have pressed in your keyboard and after some time, it transmits this information to the hacker. The criminal will navigate through this data, searching for any private information that can give him access to your credit card.
Besides Bugbear, there is also the IRC bot. This automated software is used for determined functions, like a moderator for a chat room. But if it is used by a hacker, he may use it for stealing your credit card information. The IRC bot will pose as an official from a company, asking you to insert your credit card information.
Another mean that hackers use for stealing money from your credit card is through unused ebay accounts. Once they find a possible victim, the hacker uses a program that starts bombarding the account until it breaks it. Once inside, the hacker will use it for posing as the real user, selling equipment that will never reach the buyer once he buys it.
Continue to:What if Your Address is changed by Credit Card Hackers
One funny thing about many of these hackers; free credit card numbers are posted at the internet. Some of them don't want the potential money that can be acquired from this information, only the fame.
How Are Credit Cards Gained By Hackers?
A hacker has many ways to gain a credit card number from an innocent user. The most common one is known as phishing. In this technique, the hacker poses as an officer within an organization, let's say VISA. The hacker sends to a group of email accounts an alert, instructing the receiver to follow determined set of instructions before his credit card is cancelled.If the user is not aware of this kind of fraud, he will insert his credit card number, his name and expiration date without knowing he is going to be a victim of an online crime.
Another way for hacking credit card numbers is through a website. The hacker only needs to hack the systems of an online retailer, let's say, Costco, and search for the database where the retailer stores the information of all of the users who have made recent transactions.
The third way is through the online process of buying. Let's say an adult finds a website with adult content that he or she finds attractive. It's quite probable that the website is only a masquerade for acquiring credit card information from you.
What Is A Carder?
A carder is a criminal who specializes in stealing information from credit cards. Although the majority of them buy the information from online vendors, some of them are quite savvy on how to access that information by themselves.In the physical world, a carder will steal the information from a user while doing a face to face transaction. The criminal only needs to pass the card through a special scanner. This device will read from the magnetic strip all of the credit card information. Afterwards, the carder will trespass that information to a blank card available in many identity card stores.
In the virtual world, credit card hacking is a bit more sophisticated and automatized. A hacker could install inside your system a credit card hacking software known as Bugbear. This program is a keystroke logger; it captures the keys that you have pressed in your keyboard and after some time, it transmits this information to the hacker. The criminal will navigate through this data, searching for any private information that can give him access to your credit card.
Besides Bugbear, there is also the IRC bot. This automated software is used for determined functions, like a moderator for a chat room. But if it is used by a hacker, he may use it for stealing your credit card information. The IRC bot will pose as an official from a company, asking you to insert your credit card information.
Another mean that hackers use for stealing money from your credit card is through unused ebay accounts. Once they find a possible victim, the hacker uses a program that starts bombarding the account until it breaks it. Once inside, the hacker will use it for posing as the real user, selling equipment that will never reach the buyer once he buys it.
Continue to:What if Your Address is changed by Credit Card Hackers
How To Defeat The Attempts Of A Black Hat Hacker
In order to survive in the World Wide Web, there are certain things that we need to know in order to endure. The first one is that each computer user is responsible for his machine and the data that it contains.
doesn't matter if a transnational spends hundreds of millions of dollars in IT security if an absent-minded employee downloads and installs unauthorized software or falls into the email scheme of black hat hackers.
Over time, black hat techniques have become more advanced and complex. Although there are computer software programs that can help a cracker in many ways, it is still a profession that requires a knack for computer software and hardware. So, as you may have noticed, black hat hackers will never disappear, which means that we need to have our computers, and our networks, prepared.
Basic Knowledge
So, the first thing that we need to know is that computers, and networks, are like houses. If they don't have the windows and doors properly secured, anyone can enter. There are thousands of hackers in the internet looking for computers with unsecured entrances. Even worse, they have programs making the search for them. If you consider that there are hundreds of millions of computers in the world, then it is highly probable that an important percentage of them aren't properly secured.Firewall
In order to secure our "house", we need to have a firewall installed and properly configured. A firewall is like a lock that assures that all the entrances to your computer are properly closed, so no one from the outside can access it.Anti Virus Software
Another useful piece of software is the antivirus. Antivirus have been around since the first personal computers since viruses have always existed. Unfortunately, the internet has generated a demographic explosion and now they wander, freely, through the net. There are several software packages in the market, so test the ones with which you feel more comfortable and stay with the one that is more convenient for you.Regular Updates
The next step is to update your operating system, especially if it is Windows XP. Ninety percent of the worldwide operating system market is owned by Microsoft. For that reason, it is the preferred choice for crackers in the entire world. They are constantly looking for ways to bypass the security of this operating system, looking for weaknesses of all kind (even in something as innocent as the Media Player). In order to stop them, maintain your operating system updated.Education in Security Techniques
Finally, if you are inside a company, assure yourself that the users are trained. They must be able to detect if they are being victims of cracker scam. It can be through the internet messaging system, an email or even an innocent looking PowerPoint attachment sent by a friend. People are the last line of defense against black hat hacking.Over time, black hat techniques have become more advanced and complex. Although there are computer software programs that can help a cracker in many ways, it is still a profession that requires a knack for computer software and hardware. So, as you may have noticed, black hat hackers will never disappear, which means that we need to have our computers, and our networks, prepared.
Black Hat Hackers
Thanks to Hollywood, black hat hackers have become the iconic image of all hackers around the world. For the majority of computer users, the word hacker has become a synonym for social misfits and criminals. Of course, that is an injustice created by our own interpretation of the mass media, so it is important for us to learn what a hacker is and what a black hacker (or cracker) does. So, let's learn about black hat techniques and how they make our lives a little more difficult.
Some famous cases of black hat hacking include Kevin Mitnick, who used his black hat hackers skills to enter the computers of organizations such as Nokia, Fujitsu, Motorola and Sun Microsystems (it must be mentioned that he is now a white hat hacker); Kevin Poulsen, who took control of all the phone lines in Los Angeles in order to win a radio contest (the prize was a Porsche 944 S2); and Vladimir Levin, which is the handle of the mastermind behind the stealing of $10'000,000 to Citigroup.
These services include a complete revision of their computer network security, implementation of new security systems (they may be hardware or software), user training and future recommendations. All these measures will be able to combat unauthorized hacking; black hat hackers, however, will continue trying.
Continue to: Taming a Black hat Hacker
What Is Black Hat Hacking?
A black hat hacker, also known as a cracker or a dark side hacker (this last definition is a direct reference to the Star Wars movies and the dark side of the force), is someone who uses his skills with a criminal intent. Some examples are: cracking bank accounts in order to make transferences to their own accounts, stealing information to be sold in the black market, or attacking the computer network of an organization for money.Some famous cases of black hat hacking include Kevin Mitnick, who used his black hat hackers skills to enter the computers of organizations such as Nokia, Fujitsu, Motorola and Sun Microsystems (it must be mentioned that he is now a white hat hacker); Kevin Poulsen, who took control of all the phone lines in Los Angeles in order to win a radio contest (the prize was a Porsche 944 S2); and Vladimir Levin, which is the handle of the mastermind behind the stealing of $10'000,000 to Citigroup.
Differences Between White Hat And A Black Hat Hacker
The difference between black hat and white hat hackers is that white hat hacker uses their skills and knowledge as a way to defend someone from attackers. That means that white hat hackers offer their services to corporations, public organizations and educational institutions.These services include a complete revision of their computer network security, implementation of new security systems (they may be hardware or software), user training and future recommendations. All these measures will be able to combat unauthorized hacking; black hat hackers, however, will continue trying.
Continue to: Taming a Black hat Hacker
Be Prepared for Cell Phone Hacks
Rob Your Money
Other options might use a particular buying feature called SMS. This refers to the fact that money can be taken from your account and transferred into another and a good hacker can sit in one place and access a lot of phones and transfer a lot of money rather quickly - probably in less time than you think!Give The System A Virus
By using another cell phone hack code, a hacker could kidnap your phone, send it a camouflaged program or send it a virus. But it does not end there, since, from that point, he can use your phone to retransmit the virus to many other phones almost instantly - potentially disabling the system.Spy On You
hacker can also gain access and take over for cell phone spying and remote mobile phone hacking. Literally, once secured, the hacker can have the phone call him, and then be able to listen to all conversations going on around the owner of the phone.Access Your Voice Mails
Voice mails can also be retrieved by a hacker through a hacking cell phone. After stealing your number, this can easily be done - if your password is disabled. The main thing that needs to be understood here, is that the electronics that give you the modern convenience of interacting with the Internet (getting your voice mails, emails, Web surfing, etc.) , is also the same technology that allows you to receive the same ills as can befall someone on the Internet.
What Can You Do?
It seems that the major cell phone companies, at least at this point, really are not interested in bringing the system up to be able to cope with this threat. Meetings are starting to take place, but for now it is not perceived to be real serious. This could be because it is primarily the older phones that are most susceptible to some types of this mobile hacking.Until the cell phone manufacturers are able to cope with, or eliminate, the glitches in the system that allows them to overcome these problems, you will largely have to help yourself to cope with these things. Here are a couple of tips that will help you protect your cell phone, its information, and other things.
Use Your Passwords
The cell phone companies tell us that many people have turned off their passwords when they access their voice mail messages, or other things. This little feature, though it may seem to be an annoyance to some, could protect your phone from unauthorized purposes.Leave The Phone Off
This one is obviously the harder choice, here, simply because most of us who have cell phones like to be reached anytime and anywhere. Others do need to be reachable at all times.Upgrade Your Phone
While this cannot guarantee that your phone is not hackable, it certainly will help. It should be remembered that the phone companies work hard to deliver the best technology and conveniences - but the cell phone hacks work just as hard to be the first to break the systems designed to defeat them. It is an ongoing battle.
Cellular phone hacking, for now, is a fact of life that affects a few of us. Gladly, the numbers are still small, but many feel this problem is just getting started. By being aware of the problems, you can wisely take steps to prevent them from happening to you. Cellphone hacking does not need to catch you unprepared.
Be Prepared for Cell Phone Hacks
Rob Your Money
Other options might use a particular buying feature called SMS. This refers to the fact that money can be taken from your account and transferred into another and a good hacker can sit in one place and access a lot of phones and transfer a lot of money rather quickly - probably in less time than you think!Give The System A Virus
By using another cell phone hack code, a hacker could kidnap your phone, send it a camouflaged program or send it a virus. But it does not end there, since, from that point, he can use your phone to retransmit the virus to many other phones almost instantly - potentially disabling the system.Spy On You
hacker can also gain access and take over for cell phone spying and remote mobile phone hacking. Literally, once secured, the hacker can have the phone call him, and then be able to listen to all conversations going on around the owner of the phone.Access Your Voice Mails
Voice mails can also be retrieved by a hacker through a hacking cell phone. After stealing your number, this can easily be done - if your password is disabled. The main thing that needs to be understood here, is that the electronics that give you the modern convenience of interacting with the Internet (getting your voice mails, emails, Web surfing, etc.) , is also the same technology that allows you to receive the same ills as can befall someone on the Internet.
What Can You Do?
It seems that the major cell phone companies, at least at this point, really are not interested in bringing the system up to be able to cope with this threat. Meetings are starting to take place, but for now it is not perceived to be real serious. This could be because it is primarily the older phones that are most susceptible to some types of this mobile hacking.Until the cell phone manufacturers are able to cope with, or eliminate, the glitches in the system that allows them to overcome these problems, you will largely have to help yourself to cope with these things. Here are a couple of tips that will help you protect your cell phone, its information, and other things.
Use Your Passwords
The cell phone companies tell us that many people have turned off their passwords when they access their voice mail messages, or other things. This little feature, though it may seem to be an annoyance to some, could protect your phone from unauthorized purposes.Leave The Phone Off
This one is obviously the harder choice, here, simply because most of us who have cell phones like to be reached anytime and anywhere. Others do need to be reachable at all times.Upgrade Your Phone
While this cannot guarantee that your phone is not hackable, it certainly will help. It should be remembered that the phone companies work hard to deliver the best technology and conveniences - but the cell phone hacks work just as hard to be the first to break the systems designed to defeat them. It is an ongoing battle.
Cellular phone hacking, for now, is a fact of life that affects a few of us. Gladly, the numbers are still small, but many feel this problem is just getting started. By being aware of the problems, you can wisely take steps to prevent them from happening to you. Cellphone hacking does not need to catch you unprepared.
Cell phones - Hackers Next Target!
It was bound to happen - they have hacked just about everything else. Now it's the cell phones. Cellphone hacking has just recently surfaced and been made public ever since some one did some cellular phone hacking on Paris Hilton's cell phone.
article will give you some information about what is going on out there and what you can do to better protect your cell phone information.
Cell phone hackers have apparently found a glitch in the way the chips are manufactured. The good news, though, is that it only applies to the first generation models of cell phones that use the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). Another requirement is that the hacker must have physical access to the cell phone for at least three minutes - which is a real good reason not to let it out of your sight. Currently, although the problem has been remedied (at least for now) in the second and third generation phones, it seems that about 70% of existing cell phones fall within the first generation category.
Another way that mobile phone hacking can take place is for a hacker to walk around an area with people that have cell phones and a laptop that has cellphone hacker programs on it. Through an antenna, and a little patience, his computer can literally pick up your cell phone data - if it is turned on. This is more applicable to cell phones that use Bluetooth technology.
What Does It Involve
The fact of someone hacking cell phone became public knowledge when Paris Hilton's cell phone, along with her information was recently hacked. Unfortunately for her, all her celebrity friends and their phone numbers were also placed on the Internet - resulting in a barrage of calls to each of them.Cell phone hackers have apparently found a glitch in the way the chips are manufactured. The good news, though, is that it only applies to the first generation models of cell phones that use the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). Another requirement is that the hacker must have physical access to the cell phone for at least three minutes - which is a real good reason not to let it out of your sight. Currently, although the problem has been remedied (at least for now) in the second and third generation phones, it seems that about 70% of existing cell phones fall within the first generation category.
Another way that mobile phone hacking can take place is for a hacker to walk around an area with people that have cell phones and a laptop that has cellphone hacker programs on it. Through an antenna, and a little patience, his computer can literally pick up your cell phone data - if it is turned on. This is more applicable to cell phones that use Bluetooth technology.
What Can A Hacker Do?
Surprisingly, there are quite a number of things that can be accomplished by the hacker. Depending on their intent here are a few of them.Steal Your Number
Your phone number can be accessed and obtained by cellphone hacking. This allows them to make calls and have it charged to your account.Take Your Information
Mobile hacking allows a hacker to contact your cell phone, without your knowledge, and to download your addresses and other information you might have on your phone. Many hackers are not content to only get your information. Some will even change all your phone numbers! Be sure to keep a backup of your information somewhere. This particular technique is called Bluesnarfing.
Make a Fancy Blue LED Lamp
Make a Fancy Blue LED Raindrop Lamp out of a 2x4 scrap, some acrylic plexiglass, and some blue LEDs.
Here is a list of the tools I used, you may be able to get away with using less:
-Scroll Saw
-Drill Press
-Bench top belt and disc sander
-Drill
-Countersink Bit
-Various Drill Bits
-Soldering Iron
-Phillips Screwdriver Bit
Here is a list of the materials I used
-Small piece of 2x4
-Acrylic plexiglass
-2 round PCBS
-3 standoffs
-9 blue LEDs
-9 resistors
-Wallwart
-Solder
-3 black drywall screws
Here is a list of the tools I used, you may be able to get away with using less:
-Scroll Saw
-Drill Press
-Bench top belt and disc sander
-Drill
-Countersink Bit
-Various Drill Bits
-Soldering Iron
-Phillips Screwdriver Bit
Here is a list of the materials I used
-Small piece of 2x4
-Acrylic plexiglass
-2 round PCBS
-3 standoffs
-9 blue LEDs
-9 resistors
-Wallwart
-Solder
-3 black drywall screws
step 1Make you wooden raindrop (or teardrop) shape
A. Cut off a piece of 2x4 and use a hole saw to cut a hole through it. I had to drill a pilot hole and cut it from both sides to get the center out. You will want to cut it to roughly the same size as your round PCBs. I got mine on eBay but you could cut you own with a hole saw.
B. Sketch out raindrop your shape around the hole and cut it with a scroll saw.
C. Finalize your shape and finish with a belt or disc sander.
D. Drill your pilot holes in the face for you to attach the acrylic later. I did this so I wouldn't crack the wood when setting the screws.
B. Sketch out raindrop your shape around the hole and cut it with a scroll saw.
C. Finalize your shape and finish with a belt or disc sander.
D. Drill your pilot holes in the face for you to attach the acrylic later. I did this so I wouldn't crack the wood when setting the screws.
step 2Make your acrylic plexiglass face
A. Use your wooden shape to sketch out a shape onto you plexiglass and cut it out with the scroll saw
B. Practice cutting your countersink into plexiglass scraps. You will want the screws to sit beneath the surface.
C. Pre-drill your holes so they are exactly align with you pilot holes on your wooden shape. My drill press has a laser alignment on it so this was pretty easy for me. There are other ways to do this if you don't, such a paper template.
D. Countersink you acrylic shape.
B. Practice cutting your countersink into plexiglass scraps. You will want the screws to sit beneath the surface.
C. Pre-drill your holes so they are exactly align with you pilot holes on your wooden shape. My drill press has a laser alignment on it so this was pretty easy for me. There are other ways to do this if you don't, such a paper template.
D. Countersink you acrylic shape.
step 3Attach the plexiglass to the wood
A. Attach the plexiglass face to the wooden raindrop with 3 screws.
B. Now finalize the plexiglass shape and finish on the belt/disc sander. I sanded the front and back to slightly diffuse the LEDs.
D. Sand a small flat spot at the bottom of your shape so it will sit nicely without rolling over.
C. Set it aside and plug your soldering iron in, it's electronics time!
B. Now finalize the plexiglass shape and finish on the belt/disc sander. I sanded the front and back to slightly diffuse the LEDs.
D. Sand a small flat spot at the bottom of your shape so it will sit nicely without rolling over.
C. Set it aside and plug your soldering iron in, it's electronics time!
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step 4Create your LED insert
A. Solder your LEDs and Resistor in the shape you want to your first PCB.
B. Drill a hole for the power cord through the second PCB.
C. Pull the power cord (from the wallwart) and tie a knot in it.
D. Solder the power cord to the LED board.
E. Attached the 2 PCBs with the standoffs.
B. Drill a hole for the power cord through the second PCB.
C. Pull the power cord (from the wallwart) and tie a knot in it.
D. Solder the power cord to the LED board.
E. Attached the 2 PCBs with the standoffs.
step 5Now put everything together and TADA!!!!
A. Insert the PCB stack into the wood shapes hole.
B. Align the LEDs so they look cool.
C. Impress everyone with your fancy new light.
B. Align the LEDs so they look cool.
C. Impress everyone with your fancy new light.
step 6Mod, Hack, and Make my design your own
OF COURSE THESE TECHNIQUES WOULD APPLY TO ANY SHAPE OR COLOR OF LIGHT. YOU COULD USE RED AND WHITE LEDS AND MAKE A HEART SHAPE FOR THAT SPECIAL SOMEONE. THE POSSIBILITIES ARE ENDLESS WITH THESE THREE SIMPLE THINGS. WOOD, PLASTIC, AND LEDS.
Is your PC sending spam?
Now that the Internet has turned in to such a household thing (and with high speed connections to the Internet) consumers are the target of everyone and anyone who wants some attention for their business. Clever computer hackers (often young kids with good knowledge of pc's and software) come up with new schemes to enter your personal data for malicious use and companies bombard us with mail and advertising.
Anyone's email inbox has (at some point) been clogged with so-called spam messages. Spam, or unwanted advertising, is the plague of the Internet and can cause many problems, from viruses to blocked email inboxes due to an overload of spam messages. Over the past few years there has been a significant rise in spam. Consumers often wonder where all these unwanted messages are actually coming from. It is very likely that other consumers just like you are sending them. They might even be sent from your own computer. Clever hackers can use your PC to send out spam messages all around the world.
When a hacker attacks (or 'hijacks' a PC) the computer is used as a "zombie computer." This means that your PC can be used to perform tasks controlled by the hacker. By downloading a malicious very small program (or code) onto the computer, the PC can be used to send out spam messages. Often the owner of the PC does not even know what is going on. Microsoft engineers have performed tests to see how easy it would be to hijack a PC and came to the concluding that it was a very easy thing to do.
Anyone's email inbox has (at some point) been clogged with so-called spam messages. Spam, or unwanted advertising, is the plague of the Internet and can cause many problems, from viruses to blocked email inboxes due to an overload of spam messages. Over the past few years there has been a significant rise in spam. Consumers often wonder where all these unwanted messages are actually coming from. It is very likely that other consumers just like you are sending them. They might even be sent from your own computer. Clever hackers can use your PC to send out spam messages all around the world.
When a hacker attacks (or 'hijacks' a PC) the computer is used as a "zombie computer." This means that your PC can be used to perform tasks controlled by the hacker. By downloading a malicious very small program (or code) onto the computer, the PC can be used to send out spam messages. Often the owner of the PC does not even know what is going on. Microsoft engineers have performed tests to see how easy it would be to hijack a PC and came to the concluding that it was a very easy thing to do.
Home made PCB drill press
PCB Drill Press Using Salvaged Door Hinges
After creating a PCB, I wanted to drill the holes without fear of breaking the fragile drill bits. This drill press consists of four door hinges and some lengths of wood. Attaching the drill to the drill press proved to be the biggest challenge!
I take no credit for the design - I am simply posting the information for others to share.
Note that the drill pivots slightly as it lowers, but this should not be a problem for thin material (such as PCB's).
And a big thank you to Ken for the original idea
I take no credit for the design - I am simply posting the information for others to share.
Note that the drill pivots slightly as it lowers, but this should not be a problem for thin material (such as PCB's).
And a big thank you to Ken for the original idea
step 1Gather Materials
The frame consists of
- base
- back support
- two arms
- front piece
- four hinges
The wood I chose was from an Ikea shelf system, approx 18mm (3/4") thick, and 90mm (3 1/2") wide. I had several candidates for the wood, but chose this because it was slightly wider than the hinges, and also sturdy.
I guessed the sizes, making the base longer than the arms. Approximate sizes are:
base - 450mm (18")
back - 270mm (10 1/2")
arms - 310mm (12")
front - 90mm (3 1/2")
- base
- back support
- two arms
- front piece
- four hinges
The wood I chose was from an Ikea shelf system, approx 18mm (3/4") thick, and 90mm (3 1/2") wide. I had several candidates for the wood, but chose this because it was slightly wider than the hinges, and also sturdy.
I guessed the sizes, making the base longer than the arms. Approximate sizes are:
base - 450mm (18")
back - 270mm (10 1/2")
arms - 310mm (12")
front - 90mm (3 1/2")
step 2Basic Frame
I screwed the back to the base, although nails should provide sufficient support.
Simply connect the hinges to create the frame in the images.
Be careful to ensure there is a gap where the arms & back meet to ensure the arms can move freely.
Simply connect the hinges to create the frame in the images.
Be careful to ensure there is a gap where the arms & back meet to ensure the arms can move freely.
step 3Mount Drill
This proved to be a minor hassle. I initially identified a P-clip with a butterfly screw, but was unsure of how steady it would be once drilled and mounted. In the end, I chose a clip that is used to hold kitchen kickboards in place!
Nicely finished off with some garden wire to hold the drill.
The drill does wobble because of the way the plastic clip works. Some
Nicely finished off with some garden wire to hold the drill.
The drill does wobble because of the way the plastic clip works. Some